Relationship between smoking and periodontal clinical findings and gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in severe periodontitis (clinical and laboratory data)

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparative analysis of pocket depth and attachment loss in smokers and non-smokers.

	Nonsmokers			Smokers
Index	n	$\overline{X}$	SD	n	$\overline{X}$	SD	р
Pocket depth - average values (mm)	10	3.57	0.72	10	4.18	0.84	0.063
CAL - average values (mm)	10	4.06	1.14	10	4.73	1.23	0.123

Table 2. Comparison between gene expression levels and smoking.

Index	Р – coefficient (t-test/Mann–Whitney U test)	$\overline{X}$ (smoker)	$\overline{X}$ (non smoker)
dCt IL6 (≤ 4 mm)	0.870	14.1	14.3
dCt TNF (≤ 4 mm)	0.885	6.9	6.5
dCt IL6 (4 − 6 mm)	0.753	16.0	16.6
dCt TNF (4 − 6 mm)	0.302	6.9	8.3
dCt IL6 (> 6 mm)	0.011*	18.5	14.3
dCt TNF (> 6 mm)	0.071	9.4	7.8
ddCT IL6 (dCt (4 − 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.563	1.15	3.0
Degree of change of IL6 (dCt (4 − 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.421	0.2	0.1
ddCT IL6 (dCt (> 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.051*	4.2	1.7
Degree of change of IL6 (dCt (> 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.226	0.1	0.2
ddCT IL6 (dCt (>6 mm) - dCt (4 − 6 mm))	0.018*	3.4	−2.6
Degree of change of IL6 (dCt (>6 mm) - dCt (4 − 6 mm))	0.052*	0.2	3.2
ddCT TNF (dCt (4 − 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.251	−0.5	0.9
Degree of change of TNF (dCt (4 − 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.121	1.3	0.3
ddCT TNF (dCt (> 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.867	2.1	1.2
Degree of change of TNF (dCt (> 6 mm) - dCt (≤ 4 mm))	0.301	0.3	0.7
ddCT TNF (dCt (>6 mm) - dCt (4 − 6 mm))	0.049*	2.1	−1.1
Degree of change of TNF (dCt (>6 mm) - dCt (4 − 6 mm))	0.152	0.2	0.5

*Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 1. Gene expression of the IL-6 gene in deeper and moderate periodontal pockets in the studied in patients - (group 1) smokers and (group 2) non-smokers; referent gene - ACTB (β-actin).

Figure 2. Gene expression of the TNF-α gene and changes depending on the smoking factor in patients - (group 1) smokers and (group 2) non-smokers; referent gene, ACTB (β-actin).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the authors.