Utilization of plant secondary metabolites for plant protection

Figures & data

Table 1. Recent studies on the effect of plant extracts and oils on important agricultural pathogens.

Plant source	Pathogens, disease	Extract, concentration, active compounds	Best results, conditions	References
Melia azedarach and Ficus carica	Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in cucumber seedlings	Ethanolic (100 ppm) and aquatic extracts (1000 ppm)	80–90% decrease up of symptoms to 15 days after their treating/greenhouse conditions	[55]
Satureja khuzistanica	CMV in test plant Vigna unguiculata	Hydro–ethanolic extract, 2–4%	66–78% disease reduction/greenhouse conditions	[56]
		EO nanoemulsion, 2%) /carvacrol, para-cymene, beta-caryophyllene, and beta-pinene	59% disease reduction/greenhouse conditions
Rumex nepalensis	Alternaria solani (early blight in potato)	Aqueous extracts of aerial parts	60% reduction of fungal mycelial growth (FMG)/in vitro. 71.43% preventive control of disease/in vivo	[57]
Mentha arvensis	Alternaria alternata (leaf blight in tomato plants)	EO, 40 μL/mL (menthol, menthone)	93.6% reduction of FMG and 90.6% inhibition of conidia germination/in vitro Over 80% increasing the plant grought metrics (height, fresh and dry weight)/in vivo	[23]
Origanum vulgare	Botrytis cinerea (gray mold disease)	EO, 0.5 mg/mL, carvacrol, thymol, β-caryophyllene	100% inhibition of FMG/in vitro	[58]
Syzygium aromaticum	Botrytis cinerea (grey mould in strawberry)	EO, 12 mL/L, eugenol	Significantly inhibition the infection on detached strawberry leaves/in vitro	[59]
Mentha x piperita, Syzygium aromaticum, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. solani (root rot and wilt of marigold) Calendula officinalis L.	EOs, 1 mL/L	70–100% reduction of FMG/in vitro	[60]
		EOs, 3 mL/L for seed soaking and 1.5 mL/L for foliar spraying)	Significantly disease reduction/greenhouse conditions
Foeniculum vulgare	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (tomato fusarium wilt)	EO, 500 μL/mL, trans-anethole, L-fenchone, estragole and limonene	42.85% disease severity reduction/in vivo	[61]
	Fusarium culmorum, F. poae, Botrytis cinerea (Fusarium disease of pea)	EO, 200 ppm	100% inhibition of FMG/in vitro	[62]
		EO, 500 ppm	40% disease reduction/n vivo
Mentha longifolia	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum	EO, 500 and 250 μL/mL, menthone, eucalyptol	100% inhibition of FMG/in vitro	[63]
Origanum bilgeri	Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria (Xav) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst).	EOs, 7.5 μL dose/petri dish, carvacrol, borneol, and p-cymen	100% microbial growth inhibition/in vitro	[64]
Origanum syriacum L.	Rhizobium radiobacter	EO, 10 μL dose/petri dish, carvacrol, p-cymene,γ-terpinene	37.67 mm inhibition zone/in vitro	[65]
	Pseudomonas savastanoi pv.savastanoi		44.67 mm inhibition zone/in vitro
	P.savastanoi pv.nerii		16.67 mm inhibition zone/in vitro

FMG, fungal mycelial growth; EO, essential oil.

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Data availability statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.