Relevance of innovation cooperation for firms’ innovation activity: the case of Slovenia

Figures & data

Table 1. Innovation activity and innovation cooperation by type of partners of Slovenian firms in 1996–2008 and EU27 firms in 2008.

	Slovenia							EU27
	1996	1998	2000	2002	2004	2006	2008	2008
Number of firms in the CIS	1398	1708	2438	2535	2103	2185	2277
Innovative firms* as % of all surveyed firms	22.2	23.1	20.8	20.5	29.2	39.2	39.5	40.4
% of innovative firms engaged in innovation cooperation	44.7	45.7	43.4	44.0	52.1	52.3	53.4	30.1
% of innovative firms engaged in innovation cooperation with**:
1a) Public entities	24.4	n.a.	28.8	26.9	26.9	28.7	29.6	n.a.
1b) Private entities	35.4	n.a.	60.2	44.4	49.3	55.8	52.8	n.a.
2a) Domestic entities	42.1	n.a.	56.6	42.7	45.9	51.1	49.8	n.a.
2c) International entities	16.7	n.a.	39.6	31.0	37.6	46.0	44.0	n.a.
3a) Suppliers of equipment, materials, components,software	15.4	n.a.	30.6	23.5	41.0	48.2	46.1	18.4
3b) Clients or customers	6.8	n.a.	35.5	26.5	34.4	42.3	41.0	17.2
3c) Competitors or other firms of the same sector	0.6	n.a.	9.7	6.9	22.1	27.8	28.1	8.6
3d) Other firms	19.6	n.a.	10.8	20.8	19.2	23.0	24.8	11.9
3e) Consultants, commercial labs, or private R&D institutes	10.3	n.a.	28.0	21.7	22.8	26.5	28.8	10.4
3f) Universities or other higher education institutions	12.5	n.a.	23.7	21.0	24.0	27.7	28.1	10.6
3 g) Government or public research institutes	16.4	n.a.	15.8	14.4	14.7	17.9	20.6	6.4
Innovation cooperation density***	1.68	n.a.	2.35	2.85	3.51	3.68	3.79	2.77

Notes:

^* Firms with any kind of technological innovation.

^** Innovation cooperation partners are classified along three dimensions.

^*** Average number of types of cooperation partners per cooperating firm.

Source: SORS, Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/science_technology_innovation/data/database.

Table 2. Estimation of innovation cooperation, total and disaggregated.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Dep. var: innovation	baseline	baseline plus	domestic and international	domestic and international	public and private	public and private
Innovation in previous period		0.149*		0.136*		0.152*
		(0.080)		(0.080)		(0.082)
R&D as a share of sales		14.034*		12.615		14.449*
		(8.203)		(7.951)		(8.473)
R&D employees		0.017***		0.015***		0.017***
		(0.003)		(0.002)		(0.003)
Capital per employee	−0.000	−0.000	0.000	−0.000	0.000	0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Wage	0.000	0.000	−0.000	0.000	−0.000	0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Relative VA per employee	0.004	0.002	0.005	0.001	0.006*	−0.000
	(0.005)	(0.011)	(0.003)	(0.009)	(0.004)	(0.009)
Exports as a share of sales	0.148***	0.074	0.074***	0.058	0.084***	0.077
	(0.033)	(0.057)	(0.024)	(0.052)	(0.026)	(0.059)
Incoming FDI	−0.061**	−0.026	−0.046**	−0.029	−0.048*	−0.022
	(0.030)	(0.041)	(0.023)	(0.039)	(0.024)	(0.039)
Outgoing FDI	0.194***	0.024	0.095***	0.018	0.100***	0.030
	(0.023)	(0.033)	(0.015)	(0.030)	(0.016)	(0.033)
Innovation cooperation	0.790***	0.369**
	(0.012)	(0.178)
OECDhightech	0.236***	0.003	0.116***	−0.004	0.121***	−0.013
	(0.047)	(0.101)	(0.023)	(0.094)	(0.026)	(0.108)
OECDmedhightech	0.253***	0.094	0.122***	0.081	0.127***	0.088
	(0.037)	(0.077)	(0.024)	(0.071)	(0.027)	(0.076)
OECDmedlowtech	0.127***	0.087	0.065**	0.076	0.065**	0.082
	(0.039)	(0.071)	(0.029)	(0.065)	(0.032)	(0.070)
OECDlowtech	0.127***	0.082	0.060**	0.073	0.062*	0.077
	(0.038)	(0.075)	(0.029)	(0.068)	(0.032)	(0.074)
OECDkonwledgeintensive	0.119***	0.030	0.071***	0.024	0.072**	0.020
	(0.037)	(0.072)	(0.027)	(0.064)	(0.031)	(0.073)
OECDkonwledgelessintensive	−0.086**	−0.001	−0.048	−0.002	−0.056	−0.014
	(0.038)	(0.075)	(0.037)	(0.066)	(0.040)	(0.075)
OECDnaturalresources	0.194	0.171	0.058	0.145	0.060	0.176
	(0.122)	(0.107)	(0.080)	(0.099)	(0.088)	(0.110)
Domestic/private			0.388***	0.281*	0.404***	0.377**
			(0.024)	(0.160)	(0.021)	(0.185)
International/public			0.334***	0.481**	0.313***	0.214
			(0.031)	(0.191)	(0.031)	(0.138)
Domestic_intern/private_public			−0.422	−0.596	−0.435	−0.370
Observations	6,239	2,081	5,474	2,081	5,275	2,058
Time FE	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
R^2 Pseudo	0.538	0.644	0.592	0.647	0.588	0.642

Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses.

^*** p<0.01;

^** p<0.05;

^* p<0.1; Product, service and process innovations are treated equally.

Source: Own calculations based on SORS.

Table 3. Innovation cooperation partners.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Large sample	Small sample	Large sample	Small sample
Suppliers	0.089***	0.220***
	(0.020)	(0.032)
Customers	0.187***	0.234***
	(0.021)	(0.033)
Competitors	−0.262***	−0.101*
	(0.025)	(0.054)
Advisors	0.137***	0.176***
	(0.023)	(0.034)
Universities	0.025	0.041
	(0.023)	(0.036)
Government	0.019	0.047
	(0.026)	(0.040)
Other partners	0.051**	0.184***
	(0.020)	(0.032)
Domestic			0.291***	0.425***
			(0.019)	(0.112)
European			0.189***	0.394***
			(0.020)	(0.113)
USA			−0.137
			(0.170)
Other countries			−0.143
			(0.190)
Observations	5,058	2,036	5,173	2,025
Time FE	YES	YES	YES	YES
R^2 Pseudo	0.525	0.499	0.594	0.625

Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses.

^*** p<0.01;

^** p<0.05;

^* p<0.1.

Source: Own calculations based on SORS.

Table 4. Robustness cheques.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	Baseline	Domestic and international	Public and private	Baseline	Domestic and international	Public and private
	:	:	:	:	:	:
Innovation cooperation	199.918***			0.514***
	(49.281)			(0.021)
Domestic/private		65.800***	77.562***		0.349***	0.388***
		(18.617)	(22.992)		(0.022)	(0.013)
International/public		58.657***	47.740***		0.277***	0.493***
		(28.758)	(33.211)		(0.031)	(0.037)
Domestic_intern/private_public		0.019***	0.019***		−0.432***	−0.598***
		(0.012)	(0.015)		(0.038)	(0.040)
Observations	6,239	5,474	5,275	6,239	5,474	5,275
Time FE	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
Firm FE	NO	NO	NO	YES	YES	YES
R^2 Pseudo	0.540	0.607	0.603	0.377	0.377	0.377
Number of id				3,845	3,108	3,061

Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses.

^*** p<0.01;

^** p<0.05;

^* p<0.1.

Source: Own calculations based on SORS.