Prediction of word recognition in the first half of grade 1

Figures & data

Table 1. Univariate statistics for predictor and outcome variables used in regression analysis.

	Mean	Median	Variance	Skewness	Kurtosis	Min	Max
Phonemic Synthesis	12.07*	12.50	29.713	-.594*	-.366*	0	20
Phonemic Analysis	32.43*	35.00	69.704	-1.595*	2.383*	0	40
Letter Knowledge	12.24*	13.00	38.509	-.210*	-1.309*	0	21
Naming Speed Digits	44.7638*	41.7950	194.810	.873*	.745*	18.18	96.78
Naming Speed Letters	59.2078*	48.4000	1.907.384	5.614*	46.890*	18.00	473.72
Word Recognition	39.52*	38.00	383.641	.801*	.235*	9	99

*p < .05.

Table 2. Simple regression results with word recognition as outcome variable.

	Intercept	Effect	R	R^2
Gender	38.483*	2.023*	0.052	0.003
Age	27.138*	0.162*	0.042	0.002
Ethnicity	39.188*	0.536*	0.013	0.000
Phonemic Synthesis	20.989*	1.535*	0.427	0.183
Phonemic Analysis^a	28.639*	16.549*	0.402	0.162
Letter Knowledge^a	30.345*	17.368*	0.444	0.197
Naming Speed Digits	77.861*	-0.857*	0.610	0.373
Naming Speed Letters^a	45.648*	-19.487*	0.463	0.216

*p < .05.

^aThese variables are not the original variables, but dummy variables we created.

Table 3. Hierarchical regression estimates with word recognition as outcome variable.

Model	1	2	3	4	5	6
(Constant)	42.44*	37.45*	24.64*	30.01*	33.39*	76.56*
Class 1	5.40*	5.32*	4.53*	4.99*	5.32*	7.99*
Class 2	-2.80*	-1.18*	1.32*	1.29*	.41*	3.49*
Class 3	-11.88*	-11.72*	-9.32*	-11.36*	-11.02*	-7.77*
Class 4	-3.15*	-1.44*	2.08*	3.63*	2.75*	3.51*
Class 5	-.68*	.99*	-.43*	-.17*	-.62*	-.28*
Class 6	-1.28*	1.42*	1.77*	3.79*	3.51*	3.38*
Class 7	-10.28*	-10.12*	-7.32*	-6.84*	-7.46*	-1.53*
Class 8	-1.84*	-2.06*	-.46*	1.09*	.81*	4.61*
Boy		2.70*	3.21*	4.40*	3.76*	3.96*
Age		.02*	-.08*	-.16*	-.17*	-.31*
Dutch		1.86*	2.4*	2.83*	2.32*	1.15*
Phonemic synthesis			.82*	.54*	.28*	.26*
Phonemic analysis			13.35*	8.33*	8.90*	3.94*
Letter knowledge				12.69*	11.64*	7.04*
Letter knowledge* Phonemic synthesis					.86*	.23*
Letter knowledge* Phonemic analysis					4.20*	7.33*
Letter knowledge* Phonemic synthesis* Phonemic analysis					1.81*	.72*
Naming speed digits						-.59*
Naming speed letters						-4.48*
R^2	.075*	.080*	.292*	.363	.379*	.533*
R^2 change		0.05*	.212*	.071*	.016*	.155*

*p < .05.