Mapping key features and dimensions of the inclusive city: A systematic bibliometric analysis and literature study

Figures & data

Figure 1. The research design.

Box 1. Methodological procedures

Step 1: Complication of bibliometric database Establish search query Enter search query in Scopus, setting 2000-2020, thus retrieving 114 articles and reviews [excuted 12/01/21] Collect bibliometric data: (i) title; (ii) abstract; (iii) author keywords Result: Database of 114 articles and reviews: titles; abstract; 355 keywords Step 2: Complication of qualitative database Selection of books and book chapers Establish search query Enter search query in Scopus, setting publish year < 2020, thus retrieving 25 books and 6 book chapters [excuted 12/01/21]. The documents that were cited more than 1 time were selected, thus downloading 6 books and 3 book chapters Collect books with the search query as ‘inclusive city’ through Amazon Books, setting publish year < 2020 and English language, thus retrieving 121 books. Further leaving out the books that are irrelevant, repeated, out of stock and no purchase links Result: Database of 19 books and 3 book chapters, see Table 1 Selection of valuable reports and lectures Collect valuable reports from the official websites of leading international organizations and institutions: United Nations, the World Bank, OECD and Asian Development Bank, thus retrieving 9 reports Result: Database of 9 reports: see Table 1 Step 3: Bibliometric Analysis Publication activities: describing basic information of publication activities in inclusive city research Draw line graph showing yearly counts of publications from 2000 to 2020 Result: Figure 2 Draw histgram showing the distribution across different disciplines from 2000 to 2020. Result: Figure 3 High-frequency keywords analysis: count and calculate the number of high-frequency keywords and the frequency of each keyword in an article or a review List of merged and renamed keywords Result: Table 2 List of high-frequency keywords and their frequencies related to inclusive cities articles Result: Table 3 Co-occurrence analysis of keyowrds: count the frequency of two keywords simultaneously appearing in the same article; use the software VOSviewer to construct a co-occurrence network of keywords Draw a co-occrrence network graph by VOSviewer Result: Figure 4 Cluster analysis: explore different clusters composed of closely linked high-frequency keywords Count the frequency of two high-frequency keywords appearing together in the same article with the help of Microsoft EXCEL; construct a co-word matrix (28 x 28) of high-frequency keywords Transform the co-word matrix into the correlation matrix by formula (1) Subtract “1” and all correlation matrices to obtain a dissimilarity matrix Import the dissimilarity matrix into SPSS 26.0: the hierarchical cluster, the Ward’s method, and the Squared Euclidean Distance metric Draw a tree diagram showing the number of clusters and their structures Result: Figure 5 Draw a table showing each cluster of high-frequency keywords (summarized by Figure 5) Result: Table 4 Step 4: Qualitative literature review At policy level: identify description about the inclusive city concept, key drivers and main dimensions of the inclusive city concept United Nations first proposed the term inclusive city and gave a definition; UN-Habitat and World Bank proposed some key drivers; OECD provided a inclusiveness framework; Asian Development Bank developed an integrated framework describing specific features At theory and practice level: exclusion and inclusion: inequality (see Espino, 2015); urban violence (see Salahub et al., 2018; Salahub et al., 2019); urban poverty (see MacRae, 2016; Zuberi et al., 2017; Herrle and Walther, 2005; Pokhrel, 2019) given comprehensive descriptions of the inclusive city concept with political, social, economic and environmental dimensions (see Hambleton, 2014; Westendorff, 2004; Kundu et al., 2020; Anttiroiko and de Jong, 2020) For specific issues: an inclusive city for people with disabilities (see Pineda, 2020); Women’s right to city (see Whitzman et al., 2013; Viswanath, 2013; Andrew and Legacy, 2013); participation (Schippers and Heumen, 2014); affordable housing (Bharne and Khandekar, 2019; Steinberg and Lindfield, 2011); urban infrastructures(ADB, 2010; Laquian and Hanley, 2007); governance (Gupta et al., 2015); innovation(Attia, 2018) offer an overview of which dimension(s) and key terms can be found in the work of which authors Result: Table 5

Table 1. Overview of selected books, book chapters and reports for qualitative review

Author	Year	Title	Type
D. Westendorff	2004	From Unsustainable to Inclusive Cities	Book
P. Herrle, U. Walther	2005	Socially Inclusive Cities: Emerging Concepts and Practice	Book
A. Laquian, L. Hanley	2007	The Inclusive City: Infrastructure and Public Services for the Urban Poor in Asia	Book
F. Steinberg, M. Lindfield	2011	Inclusive Cities	Book
C. Whitzman, C. Legacy, C. Andrew et al.	2013	Building Inclusive Cities: Women’s Safety and the Right to the City	Book
R. Hambleton	2014	Leading the Inclusive City: Place-based Innovation for a Bounded Planet	Book
J. Gupta. K. Pfeffer, H. Verrest et al.	2015	Geographies of Urban Governance: Advanced Theories, Methods and Practices	Book
N. Espino	2015	Building the Inclusive City: Theory and Practice for Confronting Urban Segregation	Book
S. Venkateswar, S. Bandyopadhyay	2016	Globalisation and the Challenges of Development in Contemporary India (Dynamics of Asian Development)	Book
D. Zuberi, A. Taylor	2017	(Re)Generating Inclusive Cities: Poverty and Planning in Urban North America	Book
S. Attia, Z. Shafik, A. lbrahim	2018	New Cities and Community Extensions in Egypt and the Middle East: Visions and Challenges	Book
J. Salahub, M. Gottsbacher, J. de Boer	2018	Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South: Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities	Book
N. Pokhrel	2019	Transforming Kolkata: A Partnership for a More Sustainable, Inclusive, and Resilient City	Book
V. Bharne, S. Khandekar	2019	Affordable Housing: Inclusive Cities	Book
J. Salahub, M.Gottsbacher, J.De Boer et al.	2019	Reducing Urban Violence in the Global South: Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities	Book
D. Kundu, R. Sietchiping, M. Kinyanjui	2020	Developing National Urban Policies: Ways Forward to Green and Smart Cities	Book
V. Pineda	2020	Building the Inclusive City: Governance, Access, and the Urban Transformation of Dubai	Book
B. Dahiya, A. Das	2020	New Urban Agenda in Asia-Pacific: Governance for Sustainable and Inclusive Cities	Book
A. Anttiroiko, M. De Jong	2020	The Inclusive City: The Theory and Practice of Creating Urban Prosperity for all	Book
K. Viswanath	2013	Gender Inclusive Cities Programme: Implementing Change for Women’s Safety	Book chapter
C. Andrew, C. Legacy	2013	The Role of Partnerships in Creating Inclusive Cities	Book chapter
A. Schippers, L. Van Heumen	2014	The Inclusive City through the Lens of Quality of Life	Book chapter
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements	2001	The State of the World’s Cities	Report
Asian Development Bank	2010	Access to Justice for the Urban Poor: Toward Inclusive Cities	Report
World Bank	2015	Inclusive Economic Growth in America’s Cities: What’s the Playbook and the Score?	Report
United Nations General Assembly	2015	Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development	Report
World Bank	2015	World-Inclusive Cities Approach Paper	Report
UN-Habitat III	2015	Habitat-III-Issue-Paper-1_Inclusive-Cities	Report
OECD	2016	Making Cities Work for All: Data and Actions for Inclusive Growth	Report
UN-Habitat III	2017	The New urban agenda	Report
Asian Development Bank	2017	Enabling Inclusive Cities: Tool Kit for Inclusive Urban Development	Report

Table 2. Complete list of merged and renamed keywords

Renamed keywords	Included original keywords	Reasons for combination
inclusive city	inclusive city; inclusive cities;	similar academic meaning
smart city	smart city; smart cities; smart sensors sustainable cities;
housing	housing; affordable housing; social housing; housing policies; public housing;
governance	governance; urban governance; inclusive governance; land governance; multi-level governance;
rights	rights; human rights; right to the city; empowerment; language rights;
SDGs	sdg; sdgs; sdgs 11 & 10.2;	differences in singular and plural forms, but similarities in academic meaning
inclusion	inclusion; inclusiveness; disability inclusion; social inclusion;
sustainability	sustainability; sustainable; social sustainability;
accessibility	accessibility; accessibility strategies in 2030;
public space	public space; public spaces; urban open space; open space;
environment	environment; environments; built environment; environment equity; living environment;
citizenship	citizenship; citizens’ perception; citizen–state relations;	similar academic meaning and relatively low frequency of occurrences (no more than 3 occurrences)
economic regeneration	economic regeneration; informal economy; employment;
street trading	street trading; street vending; street traders;
neighbourhood	neighbourhood; neighbourhoods;
migration	migratory phenomena; migration; international migration; immigrants;
participation	participation; participatory mapping; participatory research; participatory technologies;
engagement	social engagement; socially engage art; community engagement; engagement channels;
community	community art; community capital; community organizations; community savings; community-based organizations; gated communities;
sustainable development	sustainable development; sustainable development framework; sustainable development indicators; sustainable development principles;
planning	planning; urban planning; city planning; modern planning; planning interventions; planning and design; participatory-collaborative planning;
infrastructure	urban green infrastructure; urban infrastructure; inclusive infrastructure; living infrastructure; urban green infrastructure; soft infrastructure; smart infrastructure; infrastructure of mobility;
segregation	segregation; social segregation; urban segregation; spatial segregation; socio-spatial segregation;
finance	innovative finance; alternative finance; local finance; municipal finance; housing finance;
transport	green transportation; transport inequality; transport policy; sustainable transport; congestion tax; traffic congestion; commuting burden; tramway; railway;
mobility	mobility; mobility of care; mobility planning; independent mobility; children’s independent mobility;

Table 3. High-frequency keywords related to the inclusive city

Rank	Keyword	Frequency	Rank	Keyword	Frequency
1	inclusive city	26		informal	6
2	planning	13	17	participation	5
3	governance	11		accessibility	5
	public space	11		segregation	5
5	sustainability	10		finance	5
	housing	10		engagement	5
	transport	10		South Africa	5
8	smart city	9		SDGs	5
9	migration	8		mobility	5
	inclusion	8		economic regeneration	5
11	infrastructure	7	26	citizenship	4
	rights	7		sustainable development	4
13	community	6		land use	4
	environment	6		innovation	4

Table 4. Seven clusters of high-frequency keywords identified by clustering analysis

Label	High-frequency keywords	Topics
C1	Public space, housing, rights, land use	Spaces and rights
C2	Community, finance, informal	Community and finance
C3	South Africa, economic regeneration, segregation, inclusive city	Segregation and economic regeneration
C4	Smart city, accessibility, participation, engagement, mobility, citizenship	Smart participation and citizenship
C5	Migration, sustainable development	Sustainable migration
C6	Planning, transport, infrastructure, environment	Infrastructure and environment
C7	Governance, innovation, sustainability, inclusion, SDGs	Sustainable innovation and governance

Table 5. Key terms of each dimension from all the authors

	Dimension	Key terms
1	Spatial inclusion	Affordable housing (Salahub et al. 2019,Venkateswar and Bandyopadhyay 2016, Kundu et al. 2020, Bharne and Khandekar 2019, Steinberg and Lindfield 2011, Laquian and Hanley 2007); public space (Venkateswar and Bandyopadhyay 2016, Pokhrel 2019, Pineda 2020, Whitzman et al. 2013, Gupta et al. 2015, Attia et al. 2018); transportation and other basic infrastructures (Herrle and U-j 2005, Pineda 2020, Whitzman et al. 2013, Laquian and Hanley 2007); spatial justice (Pineda 2020);
2	Social inclusion	Right to city (Espino 2015, Pokhrel 2019, Pineda 2020, Whitzman et al. 2013, Laquian and Hanley 2007); a sense of security (Espino 2015, Salahub et al. 2019, Whitzman et al. 2013); citizens’ rights (Espino 2015); human rights (Pineda 2020); social justice (A-v and De Jong 2020, Pineda 2020, Bharne and Khandekar 2019, Steinberg and Lindfield 2011); social equity (Westendorff 2004); social participation (Venkateswar and Bandyopadhyay 2016, Pineda 2020, Schippers and Van Heumen 2014, Laquian and Hanley 2007); public services (Salahub et al. 2019, Pineda 2020, Laquian and Hanley 2007); access to information (Pineda 2020); quality of life (Schippers and Van Heumen 2014, Laquian and Hanley 2007);
3	Environmental inclusion	Environmental sustainability (Westendorff 2004); solid waste management (Pokhrel 2019, Laquian and Hanley 2007); reduce water loss, make up for lost water and conserve water (Pokhrel 2019); the natural and reproductive qualities of urban space (A-v and De Jong 2020);
4	Economic inclusion	Employment (Whitzman et al. 2013); inclusive growth (A-v and De Jong 2020, Westendorff 2004); shared prosperity (A-v and De Jong 2020); diversion of economy (Attia et al. 2018); green growth (Kundu et al. 2020);
5	Political inclusion	Political participation (Pineda 2020, Schippers and Van Heumen 2014); political empowerment (Espino 2015, Westendorff 2004, Schippers and Van Heumen 2014) (A-v and De Jong 2020); active citizenship (Schippers and Van Heumen 2014);

Figure 2. Total number of articles and reviews about inclusive cities research (2000–2020).

Figure 3. Disciplines and their academic publication numbers on inclusive city research (2000-2020).

Figure 4. Co-occurrence network of high-frequency keywords.

Figure 5. The tree diagram of cluster analysis.

Figure 6. A multidimensional conceptual framework of the inclusive city.

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