Temporal patterns and predictors of bullying roles among adolescents in Vietnam: a school-based cohort study

Figures & data

Table 1. Specific forms of traditional and cyberbullying victimisation and perpetration among school adolescents at Times 1 and 2.

	Victimisation N (%)		Perpetration N (%)
Behaviours	Traditional	Cyber	Traditional	Cyber
TIME 1
Hitting	373 (26.2)	NA	247 (17.3)	NA
Robbing	170 (11.9)	NA	43 (3.0)	NA
Threatening	140 (9.8)	78 (5.5)	85 (6.0)	31 (2.2)
Teasing	392 (27.5)	112 (7.9)	202 (14.2)	57 (4.0)
Excluding	97 (6.8)	36 (2.5)	105 (7.4)	35 (2.5)
Spreading rumours	166 (11.7)	83 (5.8)	58 (4.1)	33 (2.3)
Specific form	620 (43.5)	170 (11.9)	400 (28.1)	87 (19.8)
Any or both forms	637 (44.7)	412 (28.9)
TIME 2
Hitting	290 (20.4)	NA	185 (13.0)	NA
Robbing	127 (8.9)	NA	39 (2.7)	NA
Threatening	105 (7.4)	57 (4.0)	64 (4.5)	37 (2.6)
Teasing	308 (21.6)	86 (6.0)	149 (10.5)	41 (2.9)
Excluding	75 (5.3)	24 (1.7)	80 (5.6)	28 (2.0)
Spreading rumours	140 (9.8)	69 (4.8)	53 (3.7)	28 (2.0)
Specific form	461 (32.4)	134 (9.4)	282 (19.8)	66 (4.6)
Any or both forms	472 (33.1)	288 (20.2)

Note: NA = not applicable.

Table 2. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression of predictors for intensity of stability in victimisation across Times 1 and 2.

	Intensity of stability in Victimisation (the ref. group: ‘Not-involved’)
Predictors measured at Time 1	Stable low OR (95% CI)	Declining OR (95% CI)	Increasing OR (95% CI)	Stable high OR (95% CI)
Gender
Female	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Male	1.3 (.9–1.9)	1.8 (.9–3.7)	.6 (.3–1.4)	3.5 (1.4–8.4)^**
Age (years)	.8 (.7–.9)^***	.7 (.6–.9)^**	.8 (.6–.9)^**	.8 (.6–1.0)^†
Depressive symptoms	1.0 (.9–1.0)	1.04 (1.0–1.1)^†	1.0 (.9–1.0)	1.05 (1.0–1.1)^†
Psychological distress	1.1 (1.0–1.1)^**	1.1 (1.0–1.1)^*	1.0 (.9–1.1)	1.08 (1.0–1.1)^*
Reaction when seeing bullying events
Never noticed	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Take part in/think bullying is acceptable	.8 (.4–1.7)	1.0 (.2–3.9)	1.6 (.4–5.9)	.8 (.1–4.9)
Think they ought to help	1.1 (.6–1.9)	.8 (.2–2.8)	1.3 (.4–3.9)	1.1 (.3–4.5)
Try to help stop bullying	.9 (.6–1.5)	2.2 (.9–5.5)	1.7 (.7–4.4)	2.4 (.8–7.3)
Time spent online	1.0 (.9–1.1)	1.1 (.9–1.2)	1.1 (.9–1.2)	.9 (.8–1.1)
Parents’ supervise online
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	1.6 (1.0–2.4)^**	1.0 (.5–2.2)	.7 (.3–1.4)	1.7 (.7–4.4)
Parents’ control Internet access and mobile phone
Infrequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frequent	1.4 (.9–2.0)	1.1 (.5–2.3)	.8 (.4–1.7)	1.8 (.8–4.3)
Family social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	1.5 (.9–2.3)^†	.8 (.4–1.7)	1.0 (.4–2.2)	1.4 (.5–3.7)
Witness parental violence
No/rarely	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Often	1.2 (.8–1.8)	1.6 (.8–3.3)	1.3 (.6–2.7)	1.0 (.4–2.4)
Conflict with siblings
No/rarely	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Often	1.3 (.9–1.9)	1.3 (.6–2.6)	1.2 (.5–2.4)	1.2 (.5–2.9)
Perception of teachers trying to stop bullying
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	.8 (.5–1.2)	.6 (.3–1.3)	.7 (.3–1.5)	.6 (.3–1.5)
School social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	1.0 (.6–1.5)	1.7 (.7–3.8)	.9 (.4–2.1)	1.3 (.5–3.5)
Friend social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	.9 (.6–1.5)	1.3 (.6–2.8)	1.5 (.7–3.2)	1.3 (.5–3.1)
Perception of students trying to stop bullying
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	1.8 (1.2–2.9)^**	3.0 (1.3–6.7)^**	2.0 (.9–4.6)^†	1.5 (.6–4.1)

^† p < .10

^* p < .05

^** p < .01

^*** p < .001.

Table 3. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression of predictors for intensity of stability in perpetration across Times 1 and 2.

	Intensity in stability in perpetration (ref group: Not-involved)
Predictors measured at Time 1	Stable low OR (95% CI)	Declining OR (95% CI)	Increasing OR (95% CI)
Gender
Female	1.0	1.0	1.0
Male	.9 (.3–2.6)	1.7 (.7–4.0)	1.6 (.7–3.6)
Age (years)	1.3 (.9–1.8)	.8 (.6–1.1)	1.0 (.7–1.2)
Depressive symptoms	1.0 (.9–1.0)	1.0 (.9–1.0)	.9 (.9–1.0)
Psychological distress	.9 (.8–1.0)	1.1 (.9–1.1)	1.0 (.9–1.1)
Time spending online	1.1 (.9–1.3)	1.1 (1.0–1.3)^†	1.1 (.9–1.2)
Family structure
Living with biological parents	1.0	1.0	1.0
Living with single parent/stepparent/others	4.8 (1.6–14.6)^*	.6 (.1–2.9)	1.6 (.5–5.0)
Family social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	2.1 (.7–6.1)	1.3 (.5–3.3)	.8 (.3–2.1)
Witnessed parental violence
No/rarely	1.0	1.0	1.0
Often	.2 (.1–.8)^*	2.6 (1.0–6.7)^*	1.6 (.7–3.6)
Conflict with siblings
No/rarely	1.0	1.0	1.0
Often	2.2 (.8–6.3)	2.0 (.8–4.6)	2.9 (1.3–6.5)^*
Teachers’ supervise online
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	.8 (.3–2.3)	1.4 (.6–3.2)	1.7 (.7–3.8)
School social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	2.0 (.6–5.9)	1.4 (.5–3.4)	.9 (.4–2.2)

^† p < .10

^* p < .05

^** p < .01

^*** p < .001.

Table 4. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression of associated predictors for changes in Bully-victim status across Times 1 and 2.

	Bully-victim group (Ref. group: not-involved)
Predictors measured at Time 1	Stable low OR (95% CI)	Declining OR (95% CI)	Increasing OR (95% CI)	Stable high OR (95% CI)
Gender
Female	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Male	1.9 (1.2–2.8)^***	1.7 (.9–3.1)	2.2 (1.1–4.2)^*	2.3 (1.1–4.6)^*
Age (years)	.6 (.5–.7)^***	.7 (.6–.9)^**	.7 (.5–.9) ^**	.5 (.4–.7)^***
Depressive symptoms	1.01 (1.0–1.0)	1.07 (1.0–1.1)^**	1.01 (.9–1.1)	1.0 (.9–1.0)
Psychological distress	1.04 (1.0–1.1)	1.04 (.9–1.1)	1.07 (1.0–1.1)^*	1.07 (1.0–1.1)^*
Self-esteem	1.04 (1.0–1.1)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.03 (.9–1.1)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)^**
Suicidal ideation
No	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.2 (.7–2.2)	1.1 (.5–2.4)	1.9 (.8–4.3)	1.6 (.7–3.9)
Reaction when seeing bullying events
Never noticed	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Take part in bullying events	.4 (.04–4.4)	8.6 (1.8–40.5)^**	4.3 (.6–28.9)	4.2 (.6–30.5)
Passively watch and think bullying is acceptable	1.8 (.9–3.7)	1.6 (.5–5.1)	2.3 (.8–7.1)	3.4 (1.0–11.2)^*
Think they ought to help	1.7 (1.0–3.1)	1.2 (.5–3.4)	1.2 (.4–3.5)	2.4 (.8–7.4)
Help stopping bullying	1.2 (.7–2.0)	2.2 (.9–4.5)	1.1 (.4–2.8)	1.4 (.5–4.2)
Time spending on online	1.0 (.7–1.5)	.9 (.5–1.7)	.8 (.4–1.6)	1.1 (.5–2.3)
Family structure
Living with biological parents	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Living with single parent/stepparent/others	2.3 (1.4–4.1)^**	.9 (.3–2.3)	.3 (.1–1.6)	1.5 (.5–4.1)
Parents’ supervise online
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	1.2 (.8–1.8)	1.4 (.7–2.6)	1.9 (.9–3.8)^†	1.3 (.6–2.7)
Parents’ control Internet access and mobile phone
Infrequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frequent	.9 (.6–1.3)	.5 (.3–.9)^*	.8 (.4–1.6)	.9 (.4–1.8)
Family social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	1.1 (.7–1.7)	1.8 (.9–3.6)	.8 (.4–1.8)	1.4 (.6–3.1)
Witness parental violence
No/rarely	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Often	2.9 (1.9–4.4)^***	1.8 (1.0–3.4)	2.0 (1.0–4.2)^*	3.1 (1.4–6.8)^**
Conflict with siblings
No/rarely	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Often	.9 (.6–1.3)	1.3 (.7–2.4)	1.1 (.6–2.2)	1.6 (.8–3.3)
Teacher’s control mobile phone/Internet frequently
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	1.2 (.8–1.8)		1.6 (.8–3.3)	.6 (.3–1.3)
Perceive that teachers trying to stop bullying
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	1.1 (.7–1.7)	1.1 (.6–1.9)	1.3 (.6–2.5)	2.2 (1.1–4.6)^*
School social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	1.6 (1.0–2.6)^*	.9 (.4–1.8)	1.8 (.8–3.8)	1.3 (.6–3.0)
Friend’s social support
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Low	1.1 (.7–1.7)	.8 (.4–1.5)	.6 (.3–1.3)	1.0 (.5–2.1)
Perceived that students try to stop bullying
Frequent	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Infrequent	1.4 (.9–2.2)	1.3 (.7–2.5)	1.2 (.6–2.3)	1.3 (.6–2.8)

^† p < .1

^* p < .05

^** p < .01

^*** p < .001.