Predicting smoking behavior: intention and future self-continuity among Austrians

Figures & data

Table 1. Participants’ demographic and smoking background (N = 94)

Variable	N (%)
Gender
Women	70 (74.5%)
Men	21 (22.3%)
Other	3 (3.2%)
Average age (SD) – years	24.27 (4.40)
Had ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes	92 (97.9%)
Smoking frequency
Some days	36 (38.3%)
Every day	58 (61.7%)
Type of tobacco tried
Cigarettes	94 (100%)
Shisha or hookah	76 (80.9%)
E-cigarettes or vaporizers	54 (57.4%)
Other products	20 (21.3%)
Pipe	14 (14.9%)
Betel nut	0

Table 2. Descriptive summary of study variables and their correlations with smoking behavior and intention

Variable	Scalability	M (SD)	Smoking behavior (Time 2)	Smoking intention
Smoking behavior (Time 2)	-	4.17 (1.76)	-	.64***
Smoking intention	α =.80	5.14 (1.65)	.64***	-
Cognitive attitude	α =.80	1.34 (.58)	−.22*	−.11
Affective attitude	ρ =.24*	3.94 (1.21)	.29**	.35**
Subjective norm	α =.70	1.68 (.98)	−.02	−.01
Controllability	ρ =.32**	5.13 (1.44)	−.27**	−.19
Self-efficacy	ρ =.65***	5.76 (1.37)	.15	.38***
FSC similar	-	4.31 (1.18)	.21*	.18
FSC connected	-	4.40 (1.75)	−.07	.03
FSC care	-	5.70 (1.45)	−.01	−.10
FSC like	-	6.00 (1.32)	.01	.10
Age (year)	-	24.27 (4.40)	.03	−.14
Gender	-	-	−.22*	−.06

Note. FSC = future self-continuity. All variables were assessed at Time 1 except for smoking behavior which was assessed at Time 2 (i.e., 4 weeks after Time 1). Scalability was evaluated using Cronbach’s α for measures with at least 3 items. For affective attitude, controllability, and self-efficacy, the Spearman’s ρ index was used because these constructs include two items. Single-item scales’ scalability was not assessed. Gender: Men = 1, Women = 0. For full correlation matrix, see Appendix. * p <.05. ** p <.01. *** p <.001.

Table 3. Regression of smoking behavior at one-month follow-up

	β	95% CI	sr^2	R^2 (adj. R^2)	∆R^2
Block 1				.42 (.40)	-
Controllability	−.17^†	[−.43,.00]	.04
Self-efficacy	−.05	[−.30,.16]	.00
Smoking intention	.61***	[.46,.85]	.34
Block 2				.48 (.43)	.06
Controllability	−.18*	[−.44, −.02]	.05
Self-efficacy	−.04	[−.29,.18]	.00
Smoking intention	.60***	[.44,.84]	.33
FSC similar	.21*	[.02,.60]	.05
FSC connected	−.24*	[−.45, −.04]	.07
FSC care	.13	[−.07,.38]	.02
FSC like	−.03	[−.26,.18]	.00
Block 3				.51 (.46)	.03*
Controllability	−.15	[−.40,.02]	.04
Self-efficacy	−.06	[−.30,.15]	.01
Smoking intention	.60***	[.45,.84]	.34
FSC similar	.22*	[.04,.60]	.06
FSC connected	−.23*	[−.43, −.03]	.06
FSC care	.16	[−.03,.41]	.04
FSC like	−.06	[−.30,.14]	.01
Gender (male)	−.19*	[−1.46, −.11]	.06

Note. FSC = future self-continuity. β = standardized coefficients. sr² = squared semi-partial correlations. adj. = adjusted. ^† p =.05. * p <.05. *** p <.001.

Table 4. Regression results of smoking intention

	β	95% CI	sr^2	R^2 (adj. R^2)	∆R^2
Block 1				.31 (.27)	-
Cognitive attitude	−.09	[−.83,.28]	.01
Affective attitude	.36***	[.22,.74]	.13
Subjective norm	−.05	[−.39,.23]	.00
Controllability	−.30**	[−.57, −.13]	.11
Self-efficacy	.33**	[.16,.61]	.12
Block 2				.37 (.30)	.07
Cognitive attitude	−.10	[−.85,.29]	.01
Affective attitude	.34**	[.18,.71]	.12
Subjective norm	−.03	[−.36,.26]	.00
Controllability	−.30**	[−.57, −.14]	.12
Self-efficacy	.34**	[.18,.62]	.14
FSC similar	.20	[−.02,.57]	.04
FSC connected	.06	[−.16,.27]	.00
FSC care	−.17	[−.42,.03]	.03
FSC like	.10	[−.12,.35]	.01
Block 3				.37 (.29)	.00
Cognitive attitude	−.09	[−.85,.31]	.01
Affective attitude	.34**	[.19,.72]	.12
Subjective norm	−.03	[−.36,.27]	.00
Controllability	−.30**	[−.57, −.13]	.11
Self-efficacy	.33**	[.17,.62]	.13
FSC similar	.20	[−.02,.57]	.04
FSC connected	.06	[−.16,.27]	.00
FSC care	−.17	[−.42,.04]	.03
FSC like	.09	[−.12,.35]	.01
Gender (male)	−.03	[−.86,.65]	.00

Note. FSC = future self-continuity. β = standardized coefficients. sr² = squared semi-partial correlations. adj. = adjusted. ** p <.01. *** p <.001.