Association between psychosocial working conditions and well-being before retirement: a community-based study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Confirmatory factor analysis to generate the latent variable of well-being based on the 10-item of PANAS.

The data suitability for factor analysis was tested with the Chi-square test (χ² = 695.87, P < 0.001, The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.096, Confirmatory Fit Index = 0.93).

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population by demand-control status of the longest-held job.

Characteristics	Active	Low Strain	Passive	High Strain	P
	n = 436	n = 66	n = 37	n = 59
Female sex	239 (54.82)	45 (68.18)	15 (40.54)	35 (59.32)	0.045
Education					<0.001
Elementary	12 (2.75)	5 (7.58)	8 (21.62)	4 (6.78)
High school	142 (32.57)	39 (59.09)	23 (62.16)	32 (54.24)
University	282 (64.68)	22 (33.33)	6 (16.22)	23 (38.98)
Job characteristics					<0.001
Blue collar	10 (2.29)	23 (34.85)	26 (70.27)	17 (28.81)
While collar	426 (97.71)	43 (65.15)	11 (29.73)	42 (71.19)
Cigarette smoking					0.847
Never	149 (34.33)	18 (27.69)	11 (30.56)	22 (37.29)
Ever	190 (43.78)	32 (49.23)	19 (52.78)	24 (40.68)
Current smoking	95 (21.89)	15 (23.08)	6 (16.67)	13 (22.03)
Alcohol consumption					<0.001
No or occasional	58 (13.3)	9 (13.64)	15 (40.54)	11 (18.64)
Light to moderate	280 (64.22)	40 (60.61)	20 (54.05)	40 (67.80)
Heavy drinking	98 (22.48)	17 (25.76)	2 (5.41)	8 (13.56)
Leisure activity engagement					0.004
Low	68 (16.00)	12 (18.46)	15 (40.54)	7 (12.28)
Moderate	215 (50.59)	36 (55.38)	17 (45.95)	34 (59.65)
High	142 (33.41)	17 (26.15)	5 (13.51)	16 (28.07)
Father’s occupation					0.088
Professional	142 (33.65)	20 (32.79)	6 (16.67)	16 (28.07)
Intermediate	142 (33.65)	19 (31.15)	10 (27.78)	15 (26.32)
Manual	138 (32.70)	22 (36.07)	20 (55.56)	26 (45.61)
Early-life financial strain
No	343 (79.40)	48 (73.85)	25 (67.57)	41 (69.49)	0.138
Yes	89 (20.60)	17 (26.15)	12 (23.43)	18 (30.51)
Body mass index (mean)	26.16 (4.1)	25.87 (3.41)	26.11 (4.31)	26.34 (4.04)	0.928
No. of chronic diseases	2.32 (1.69)	2.70 (1.78)	2.76 (1.64)	2.37 (1.54)	0.193

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations or number (proportion %).

Missing data: BMI = 2, Obesity = 2, Smoking = 4, Leisure activity engagement = 14, Father’s occupation = 22, Early life financial strain = 5.

Table 2. β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relation of job control, demands, and demand-control status to well-being.

Job demands/control	Model 1^a			Model 2^b
	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p
Job control (continuous)	0.07	0.04 to 0.11	<0.001	0.06	0.02 to 0.09	0.004
Job demands (continuous)	0.10	0.02 to 0.17	0.008	0.07	0.004 to 0.14	0.038
Job control
High	Reference			Reference
Low	−0.15	−0.26 to −0.04	0.007	−0.11	−0.22 to −0.003	0.043
Job demands
High	Reference			Reference
Low	−0.11	−0.22 to −0.002	0.044	−0.08	−0.18 to 0.03	0.146
Demand-control status
Active job	Reference			Reference
Low strain	−0.39	−0.17 to 0.09	0.551	−0.04	−0.16 to 0.85	0.533
Passive jobs	−0.28	−0.45 to −0.11	0.001	−0.19	−0.35 to −0.02	0.028
High strain	−0.08	−0.22 to 0.05	0.223	−0.08	−0.21 to 0.05	0.244

^aAdjusted for sex and education.

^bAdjusted for sex, education, job characteristics, alcohol consumption, and leisure activity engagement.

Figure 2. Association between demand-control status and well-being by sex.

Linear regression models were adjusted by education, job characteristics, alcohol consumption, and leisure activity engagement.

Figure 3. Association between demand-control status and well-being by leisure activity engagement.

Linear regression models were adjusted by sex, education, job characteristics, and alcohol consumption.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.