The politics of civil society narratives in contestation between liberalism and nationalism in authoritarian Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1. Conceptions of nationalism.

	Political (focus on elites’ political projects and discursive practices)	Quotidian (focus on lived culture, ideas, and sentiments of non-elites)
Ideology (‘nationalism’ refers to narrow set of ideas)	Gellner (1983, p. 1): ‘a political principle, which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent’	Kosterman and Feshbach (1989, p. 271): ‘a perception of national superiority and an orientation toward national dominance’
Practice (‘nationalism’ refers to a domain of meaningful social practice)	Brubaker (2004, p. 116): ‘a claim on people's loyalty, on their attention, on their solidarity […] used […] to change the way people see themselves, to mobilise loyalties, kindle energies, and articulate demands’	Brubaker (1996, p. 10): ‘a heterogeneous set of “nation”-oriented idioms, practices, and possibilities that are continuously available or “endemic” in modern cultural and political life’

Source: Bonikowski (2016, p. 423).

Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and nationalism. Cornell Press, 8. 15O.

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Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791647

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Brubaker, R. (2004). In the name of the nation: Reflections on nationalism and patriotism. Citizensh. Stud, 8, 115–127.

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Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national question in the New Europe. Cambridge Univ. Press.

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Bonikowski, B. (2016). Nationalism in settled times. Annual Review of Sociology, 42(1), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074412

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