Suspicion of ADHD by teachers in relation to their perception of students’ cognitive capacities: do cognitively strong students escape verdict?

Figures & data

Table 1. ADHD-suspicion: descriptives

	Frequency (%) or mean (SD)	N
Student level variables
ADHD-suspicion	13.1	939
ADHD-related behaviors	5.05 (1.93)	938
Cognitive capacities	3.65 (1.07)	938
Gender: female students	53.8	935
Immigrant background	11	907
Relative age: youngest	27.4	881
Relative age: other	46.7	881
Relative age: oldest	26	881
Low educational return	10.7	863
Socioeconomic status	23.3 (8.03)	911
School level variables
Region: Flanders	48.39	31

Table 2. Correlates of ADHD-suspicion. Results of multilevel analysis, Bernoulli (HLM7).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Intercept	−3.899 (0.342) 0.020***	−5.210 (0.439) 0.005***	−5.235 (0.476) 0.005***
School level
Region	1.533 (0.266) 4.631***	2.643 (0.383) 14.059***	2.599 (0.376) 13.451***
Student level
Gender	0.771 (0.273) 2.162**	0.108 (0.329) 1.114	0.153 (0.328) 1.166
Immigrant background	−0.951 (0.670) 0.386	−1.094 (0.626) 0.334	−0.970 (0.600) 0.379
Relative age: young (ref: Oldest)	0.734 (0.275) 2.084**	0.196 (0.274) 1.216	0.156 (0.281) 1.168
Relative age: other (ref: Oldest)	0.802 (0.404) 2.231*	0.495 (0.417) 1.640	0.438 (0.447) 1.550
Low educational return	0.657 (0.315) 1.928*	0.231 (0.313) 1.260	0.129 (0.209) 1.138
Socioeconomic status	−0.035 (0.016) 0.966*	−0.013 (0.020) 0.987	−0.008 (0.023) 0.992
ADHD-related behaviors		1.213 (0.120) 3.364***	1.255 (0.150) 3.508***
Cognitive capacities			−0.420 (0.238) 0.657
ADHD-related behaviors* Cognitive capacities			0.408 (0.175) 1.503*

Note: presented are the (unstandardized) gamma coefficients and odds ratios with the standard errors appearing in parentheses.

*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.