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ABSTRACT
Conceptual frameworks for Leader and Leadership Education and Development guide the curriculum and assessment of students, faculty, and programs. This commentary defines leader and leadership and presents a leadership conceptual framework that includes four ‘C’ elements (FourCe) – Character, Competence, Context, and Communication – across four levels of psychosocial interaction – Personal, Interpersonal, Team, and Organizational (PITO). This FourCe-PITO framework delineates elements of leadership, considers interactions of these elements, guides curriculum content, and is the basis for assessments. The application of this framework is discussed for all levels of education.
Acknowledgments
We thank Arthur L. Kellermann, MD, MPH, for his input and support. We also thank reviewers of this article for valuable insights and suggestions.
Declaration of Interest
The opinions and assertions contained herein are the sole ones of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the views of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or the Department of Defense.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Neil E. Grunberg
Neil E. Grunberg, PhD, is a Professor of Military & Emergency Medicine (MEM) and Director of Research & Development, Leader and Leadership Education and Development (LEAD), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU).
Erin S. Barry
Erin S. Barry, MS, is a Research Assistant Professor in MEM and Principal Researcher for LEAD.
Charles W. Callahan
Charles W. Callahan, DO, is a Professor of Pediatrics and MEM.
Hannah G. Kleber
Hannah G. Kleber, BA, is the Education Specialist for LEAD.
John E. McManigle
John E. McManigle, MD, is Deputy Dean and Senior Advisor in MEM and Director of Curriculum of LEAD.
Eric B. Schoomaker
Eric B. Schoomaker, MD, PhD, is a Professor and Vice Chair for Leadership, Centers & Programs in MEM and Director of LEAD.