A review of empirical studies of co-principalship: antecedents, constellation-level outcomes and the issue of trust

Figures & data

Figure 1. Illustration of the two review steps.

Table 1. Publishing year of the papers in five-year intervals (35 papers).

Publishing year in five year intervals	Number of papers	Accumulated number of papers
(1998) − 2000	3	3
2001 – 2005	5	8
2006 – 2010	7	15
2011 – 2015	5	20
2016 – 2020	12	32
2021 – (-)	3	35

Table 2. Trust in the reviewed papers (35 papers).

Theory about trust	Number of papers
No theory about trust in the paper	31
Refers briefly to trust as a four phase continuum	1
Refers briefly to previous research-based understanding of trust	3
Total	35
Empirical findings about trust	Number of papers
No empirical findings about trust in the paper	17
Empirical findings to some extent about trust in the paper	18
Total	35

Table 3. Three categories of organization-level antecedents (20 papers).

Organization-level antecedents	Number of papers
a) Creating a favorable organizational context	14
b) Offering suitable office solutions for sharing	7
c) Developing relevant selection, compensation and evaluation processes	9

Table 4. Four categories of constellation-level antecedents (27 papers).

Constellation-level antecedents	Number of papers
a) Reciprocal bedrock qualities	18
b) Interactive ways of working	24
c) Competence differences	12
d) Individual qualities	7

Table 5. Positive constellation-level outcomes (23 papers) and negative constellation-level outcomes (18 papers).

Constellation-level outcomes	Number of papers
a) Positive outcomes described – Less workload, less isolation, stress and vulnerability, less role-conflict – Enhanced learning and capability, job satisfaction and trust, collaboration and communication, better health	23 19 16
b) Negative outcomes described – Lack of cooperation – Communication problems – Distrust and lack of shared values – Conflicts and being played against each other – Heavy or imbalanced workload – Individual inability and competence problems – Lack of time	18 12 4 4 9 6 8 3

Figure 2. From pre-trust to complete trust – a simplified illustration of trust growth.