Psychological predictors of ‘living well’ with dementia: findings from the IDEAL study

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive information about the participants.

	GSES	RSE	LOT-R
Overall mean (SD)	29.26 (5.49)	29.48 (3.79)	14.97 (3.50)
Low N	542 (35%)	505 (32.6%)	596 (38.5%)
Moderate N	407 (26.3%)	434 (28.1%)	348 (22.5%)
High N	465 (30.1%)	414 (26.8%)	490 (31.7%)
Missing N	133 (8.6%)	194 (12.5%)	113 (7.3%)
	QoL-AD	SwLS	WHO-5
Overall mean (SD)	36.78 (5.92)	26.07 (6.10)	60.94 (20.55)
	N (%)
Age
80+	603 (39%)
75–79	370 (23.9%)
70–74	260 (16.8%)
65–69	178 (11.5%)
<65	136 (8.8%)
Sex
Men	872 (56.4%)
Women	675 (43.6%)
Dementia subtypes
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	858 (55.5%)
Vascular dementia (VaD)	171 (11.1%)
Mixed AD and VaD	326 (21.1%)
Frontotemporal dementia	54 (3.5%)
Parkinson’s disease dementia	44 (2.8%)
Dementia with Lewy bodies	53 (3.4%)
Unspecified	41 (2.7%)

Note: GSES, General Self-Efficacy Scale; RSE, Rosenberg Self-Esteem; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; QoL-AD, Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s disease scale; SwLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index.

Table 2. The association between psychological resources and measures of living well; multivariate univariable analyses, B Coef. (95% CI).

Model	1. QoL-AD			2. SwLS			3. WHO-5
	GSES	RSE	LOT-R	GSES	RSE	LOT-R	GSES	RSE	LOT-R
a. Unadjusted
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	2.88 (2.19, 3.58)	2.89 (2.15, 3.62)	10.40 (7.96, 13.66)	3.77 (3.11, 4.43)	3.34 (2.62, 4.05)	13.76 (11.42, 16.10)	3.06 (2.34, 3.77)	3.12 (2.35, 3.90)	9.58 (7.05, 12.11)
High	4.74 (4.07, 5.41)	4.23 (3.65, 4.96)	15.98 (13.66, 18.30)	6.01 (5.33, 6.68)	5.18 (4.46, 5.89)	19.34 (16.96, 21.72)	5.10 (4.46, 5.75)	4.48 (3.79, 5.17)	15.31 (13.03, 17.59)
b. Adjusted for age group, sex and dementia subtype
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	2.78 (2.10, 3.48)	2.58 (1.85, 3.31)	9.87 (7.45, 12.29)	3.53 (2.88, 4.19)	3.01 (2.31, 4.01)	12.93 (10.61, 15.25)	2.89 (2.19, 3.59)	2.88 (2.13, 3.64)	8.98 (6.49, 11.47)
High	4.46 (3.80, 5.13)	3.77 (3.07, 4.47)	14.94 (12.62, 17.26)	5.69 (5.02, 6.36)	4.72 (4.01, 5.43)	17.96 (15.57, 20.35)	4.89 (4.26, 5.53)	4.19 (3.52, 4.87)	14.52 (12.28, 16.76)
c. Also adjusted for FAQ and ACE-III
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	2.30 (1.62, 2.99)	2.47 (1.73, 3.21)	8.86 (6.43, 11.29)	3.10 (2.45, 3.74)	2.88 (2.16, 3.59)	11.84 (9.53, 14.16)	2.70 (2.02, 3.38)	2.85 (2.09, 3.61)	8.73 (6.30, 11.17)
High	3.70 (3.02, 4.38)	3.60 (2.87, 4.33)	13.36 (10.98, 15.75)	5.14 (4.47, 5.81)	4.57 (3.84, 5.29)	16.74 (14.33, 19.15)	4.57 (3.95, 5.19)	4.11 (3.44, 4.79)	13.96 (11.75, 16.18)

Note: CI, Confidence Interval; GSES, General Self-Efficacy Scale; RSE, Rosenberg Self-Esteem; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; QoL-AD, Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s disease scale; SwLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index.

Table 3. The association between psychological resources and unstandardized measures of living well; multivariate multivariable analyses, B Coef. (95% CI).

Model	QoL-AD			SwLS			WHO-5
	GSES	RSE	LOT-R	GSES	RSE	LOT-R	GSES	RSE	LOT-R
1. Unadjusted
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	1.71 (1.04, 2.37)	1.86 (1.14, 2.58)	6.57 (4.22, 8.91)	2.50 (1.84, 3.17)	2.13 (1.40, 2.86)	9.79 (7.44, 12.14)	2.00 (1.32, 2.68)	2.19 (1.42, 2.96)	5.76 (3.35, 8.18)
High	2.67 (2.10, 3.34)	2.49 (1.77, 3.20)	9.56 (7.21, 11.91)	3.86 (3.12, 4.60)	3.24 (2.45, 4.03)	12.79 (10.16, 15.42)	2.82 (2.14, 3.50)	2.49 (1.74, 3.24)	7.50 (5.09, 9.90)
2. Adjusted for age group, sex and dementia subtype
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	1.70 (1.04, 2.36)	1.66 (.94, 2.37)	6.37 (4.04, 8.70)	2.33 (1.68, 2.99)	1.92 (1.19, 2.64)	9.20 (6.87, 11.54)	1.96 (1.29, 2.62)	2.10 (1.35, 2.85)	5.63 (3.23, 8.02)
High	2.55 (1.90, 3.21)	2.17 (1.46, 2.88)	9.13 (6.79, 11.48)	3.65 (2.91, 4.38)	2.95 (2.16, 3.73)	11.76 (9.14, 14.38)	2.79 (2.13, 3.46)	2.46 (1.72, 3.20)	7.45 (5.08, 9.82)
3. Also adjusted for FAQ and ACE-III
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	1.38 (.72, 2.03)	1.64 (.92, 2.36)	5.80 (3.47, 8.13)	2.08 (1.43, 2.73)	1.87 (1.14, 2.59)	8.55 (6.23, 10.88)	1.96 (1.29, 2.61)	2.15 (1.40, 2.91)	5.90 (3.53, 8.27)
High	2.03 (1.37, 2.70)	2.14 (1.41, 2.88)	8.22 (5.84, 10.60)	3.37 (2.64, 4.10)	2.91 (2.12, 3.70)	11.14 (8.52, 13.76)	2.84 (2.18, 3.50)	2.52 (1.78, 3.26)	7.83 (5.47, 10.19)

Note: CI, Confidence Interval; GSES, General Self-Efficacy Scale; RSE, Rosenberg Self-Esteem; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; QoL-AD, Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s disease scale; SwLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index.

Table 4. The association between psychological resources and standardized measures of living well; multivariate multivariable analyses, B Coef. (95% CI).

Model	QoL-AD			SwLS			WHO-5
	GSES	RSE	LOT-R	GSES	RSE	LOT-R	GSES	RSE	LOT-R
1. Unadjusted
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	.29 (.17, .40)	.30 (.19, .42)	.32 (.20, .43)	.42 (.31, .53)	.35 (.23, .47)	.48 (.36, .59)	.33 (.22, .45)	.36 (.23, .48)	.28 (.16, .40)
High	.45 (.34, .56)	.41 (.29, .52)	.46 (.35, .58)	.65 (.53, .78)	.53 (.40, .66)	.62 (.49, .75)	.47 (.36, .59)	.41 (.28, .53)	.36 (.25, .48)
2. Adjusted for age group, sex and dementia subtype
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	.29 (.18, .40)	.27 (.15, .39)	.31 (.20, .42)	.39 (.28, .50)	.31 (.20, .43)	.45 (.33, .56)	.33 (.22, .44)	.34 (.22, .47)	.27 (.16, .39)
High	.43 (.32, .54)	.36 (.24, .47)	.44 (.33, .56)	.61 (.49, .74)	.48 (.35, .61)	.57 (.44, .70)	.47 (.36, .58)	.40 (.28, .52)	.36 (.25, .48)
3. Also adjusted for FAQ and ACE-III
Low (Ref)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	.23 (.12, .34)	.27 (.15, .39)	.28 (.17, .40)	.35 (.24, .46)	.35 (.23, .48)	.42 (.30, .53)	.33 (.22, .44)	.35 (.23, .48)	.29 (.17, .40)
High	.34 (.23, .46)	.35 (.23, .47)	.40 (.28, .52)	.57 (.45, .69)	.41 (.29, .53)	.54 (.41, .67)	.48 (.37, .59)	.41 (.29, .53)	.38 (.27, .50)

Note: CI, Confidence Interval; GSES, General Self-Efficacy Scale; RSE, Rosenberg Self-Esteem; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; QoL-AD, Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s disease scale; SwLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index.

Data availability

The IDEAL data will be deposited with the UK Data Archive upon completion of the study in March 2020. Details on how the data can be accessed after this date will be made available on the project website www.idealproject.org.uk.