The external dimension of Italian migration policy in the wider Mediterranean

Figures & data

Table 1. Italy’s EXMIPO: Main tools.

EU EXMIPO tools	Italy’s EXMIPO tools
EU Readmission Agreements	Readmission Agreements (1)
Political Dialogue	Political dialogue (2)
Migration issues in CSDP Operations	Military Missions (3)
Visa Facilitation Agreements; Mobility Partnerships	Quotas (4); Agreements on Labour Migration and Circular Mobility (5)
Regional Protection Programs	Humanitarian corridors (6)
EASO Arrangements	Extraterritorial processing of Asylum (7)
Frontex Arrangements	Technical & Operational Agreements (TOAs) (8)
Migration Bilateral Agreements	Migration-specific agreements (9)
Migration clauses in broader agreements	Migration clauses in broader bilateral agreements (10)

Source: Authors’ elaboration. EU EXMIPO tools are adapted from Longo & Fontana (2022), Italy’s EXMIPO tools are adapted from Fontana & Rosina (2024).

Figure 1. Arrivals via the Mediterranean and asylum applications to Italy, 2000–2022.

Source: Authors’ elaboration on: Open Polis, UNHCR, Quaderno Statistico anni 1990-2017 and Eurostat

Figure 2. Number of agreements by type and year, 1990–2022.

Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 3. Number of tools by type, 1990–2022.

Source: Authors’ elaboration

Table 2. Italy’s readmission agreements and quota schemes.

Country	Readmission agreement	Entry quotas
Afghanistan	/	/
Albania	1998	1998
Algeria	2000	2007
Bangladesh	/	2003
Ivory coast	2020	2016
Egypt	2007	2002
Iran	/	/
Iraq	/	/
Lebanon	/	/
Libya	/	/
Morocco	1998	1998
Moldova	2002, 2007	2002
Niger	/	2010
Nigeria	2000	2002
Pakistan	2000	2004
Tunisia	1998, 2009, 2011, 2020	1998
Turkey	/	/

Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 4. Number of agreements by country, 1990–2022.

Source: Authors’elaboration.

Figure 5. EXMIPO instruments by region and year, 1990–2022.

Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 6. EXMIPO tools by focus area, 1990–2022.

Source: Authors’ elaboration.

Figure 7. EXMIPO tools by focus area, government, and year, 1990–2022.

Source: Authors’ elaboration (governments’ affiliation based on Abbondanza, 2024)

Source: Author elaboration. Grey background: no tool in given year. Blue background: new tool adopted. Symbols Respect tools main focus areas (as defined in the text): ●= regular migration; ▲ = irregular migration; ■= other.

Longo, F., & Fontana, I. (2022). When securitization spills over across EU borders: A quantitative mapping of the external dimension of EU migration and asylum policies’. European Foreign Affairs Review, 27(4), 485–512. https://doi.org/10.54648/EERR2022032

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Abbondanza, G. (2017). Italy’s migration policies combating irregular immigration: From the early days to the present times. The International Spectator, 52(4), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2017.1384606

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Data availability statement

The dataset underpinning this publication can be accessed at https://umap.openstreetmap.fr/en/map/depmi-dimensione-esterna-politica-migratoria-itali_711517#4/37.34/11.34