Personal archives and transitional justice in Colombia: the Fonds of Fabiola Lalinde and Mario Agudelo

ABSTRACT

This article studies two personal human rights archives and their interactions with transitional justice mechanisms in Colombia. The ‘Fabiola Lalinde fonds’ contains documentation produced during the search of truth and justice for the forced disappearance of her son Luis Fernando Lalinde. The ‘Mario Agudelo Fonds’ gathers documentation related to his militancy in the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), his later political activism and his participation in peace processes. The relationship between these archives and transitional justice can be described as a virtuous circle. Both archives preceded and prepared the implementation of transitional justice mechanisms in Colombia and have provided evidence for trials and reparation processes. In turn, transitional institutions have enhanced the public recognition of these archives as paradigmatic examples of memory initiatives of the civil society. The article shows that these types of archives can contribute to the creation of a record of human rights violations, help consolidate collective memory and have symbolic power as testimony of lives dedicated to the defence of human rights and the search for a more just country. They belong to the canon of human rights archives and, in the current Colombian context, face political and material risks that must be addressed.

KEYWORDS:

• Personal archives
• transitional justice
• collective memory
• Colombia
• Documentation

Acknowledgments

We must thank Fabiola Lalinde and Mario Agudelo for their trust. Thanks also to editors of the Special Issue and the anonymous reviewer for their comments to previous versions of this paper.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes on contributors

Marta Lucía Giraldo has a PhD in Historia Comparada, Política y Social at the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona and a Master in Colombian literature and a history degree at the Universidad de Antioquia. She is a member of Archivists without Borders.

Daniel Jerónimo Tobón has a PhD in Ciencias Humanas y sociales at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and a Master in philosophy at the Universidad de Antioquia.

Notes

1 Andreas Huyssen, ‘Natural Rights, Cultural Rights, and the Politics of Memory’, e-misferica , no. 62 (2010), https://hemi.nyu.edu/hemi/en/e-misferica-62/huyssen.

2 Alexandra Barahona de Brito, ‘Transitional Justice and Memory: Exploring Perspectives’, South European Society and Politics 15, no. 3 (September 2010): 359–76, https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2010.513599. Juan Carlos Arboleda-Ariza, Isabel Piper-Shafir, and Margarita María Vélez-Maya, ‘Políticas de la memoria de las violaciones a los derechos humanos en la historia reciente: una revisión bibliográfica desde el 2008 al 2018’, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 65, no. 239 (May 2020): 117–40, https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2020.239.69405.

3 Elizabeth Jelin, ‘Los derechos humanos y la memoria de la violencia política y la represión: la construcción de un campo nuevo en las ciencias sociales’, Estudios Sociales 27, no. 1 (2004): 108–9, https://doi.org/10.14409/es.v27i1.2538.

4 Astrid Erll, Kollektives Gedächtnis und Erinnerungskulturen: Eine Einführung (Springer-Verlag, 2017), 93.

5 Maurice Halbwachs, La mémoire collective (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950).

6 Jan Assmann, Das Kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen (München: Beck, 2007).

7 Colleen Murphy, The Conceptual Foundations of Transitional Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 33.

8 Nir Eisikovits, ‘Transitional Justice’, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2017), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/justice-transitional/.

9 Carmen González Enríquez, Alexandra Barahona de Brito, y Paloma Aguilar Fernández, ‘Introduction’, in The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, ed. Carmen González Enríquez, Alexandra Barahona de Brito, and Paloma Aguilar Fernández (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 37.

10 Alexandra Barahona de Brito, ‘Transitional Justice and Memory’; Elizabeth Jelin, ‘Los derechos humanos’.

11 Ruti G. Teitel, Transitional Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 70

12 Joel A. Blanco-Rivera, ‘Archives as Agents of Accountability and Justice: an Examination of the National Security Archive in the Context of Transitional Justice in Latin America’ (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh – School of Information Sciences, 2012); Michelle Caswell, Archiving the Unspeakable: Silence, Memory, and the Photographic Record in Cambodia (Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014). John D. Ciorciari and Jesse M. Franzblau, ‘Hidden Files: Archival Sharing, Accountability, and the Right To The Truth’, Columbia Human Rights Law Review 46, no. 1 (2014): 1–84.

13 Trudy Huskamp Peterson, Final Acts: A Guide to Preserving the Records of Truth Commissions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005). Louis Bickford and others, Documenting Truth (New York: International Center for Transitional Justice – ICTJ, 2009). Joel A. Blanco-Rivera, ‘Truth Commissions and the Construction of Collective Memory: The Chile Experience’, in Community Archives: The Shaping of Memory, ed. Jeannette A. Bastian and Ben Alexander (London: Facet Publishing, 2009), 133–47, https://doi.org/10.29085/9781856049047.010.

14 Elizabeth Jelin and Ludmila Da Silva Catela, Los archivos de la represión: documentos, memoria y verdad (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, 2002). María Graciela Acuña and others, Archivos y memoria de la represión en América Latina (1973–1990) (Santiago: LOM, 2016).

15 Antonio González Quintana, Archives of the Security Services of Former Repressive Regimes (Paris: UNESCO, 1997), https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001400/140074e.pdf (accessed September 19, 2019); see Louis Joinet, ‘Appendix B: The Administration of Justice and the Human Rights of Detainees: UN Document’, E/CN. 4/Sub. 2/1997/20, Law and Contemporary Problems 59, no. 4 (1996): 249–81.

16 Their webpage (https://archivesproject.swisspeace.ch) offers information on several projects and events.

17 Louis Bickford and others, Documenting Truth.

18 United Nations. Human Rights Council. Right to the truth: Report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights A/HRC/12/19 (New York: UN, 2009). United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the seminar on experiences of archives as a means to guarantee the right to the truth A/HRC/17/21 (New York: UN, 2011). United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Rule-of-law Tools for Post-Conflict States. Archives (New York: UN, 2015).

19 Phuong Pham and Jay D. Aronson. ‘Technology and Transitional Justice’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 13, no. 1 (March 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijz001.

20 Michelle Caswell, ‘Defining Human Rights Archives: Introduction to the Special Double Issue on Archives and Human Rights’, Archival Science 14, no. 3–4 (2014): 207–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-014-9226-0; Noah Geraci and Michelle Caswell, ‘Developing a Typology of Human Rights Records’, Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 3 (2016): 1–26, https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/vol3/iss1/1, (accessed September 19, 2019).

21 Michelle Caswell, ‘Rethinking Inalienability: Trusting Nongovernmental Archives in Transitional Societies’, The American Archivist 76, no. 1 (2013): 113–34, https://doi.org/10.17723/aarc.76.1.p2260065lj714657.

22 Elisabeth Baumgartner and others, ‘Documentation, Human Rights and Transitional Justice’, Journal of Human Rights Practice 8, no. 1 (2016): 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huw002.

23 Private archives occupy a marginal place in the tradition of archival science. According to Terry Cook, one reason is that the foundational treatises of archival science put an almost exclusive emphasis on public archives. Terry Cook, ‘Archival Science and Postmodernism: New Formulations for Old Concepts’, Archival Science 1, no. 1 (2001): 3–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02435636. See also Ian E. Wilson, ‘Peace, Order and Good Government: Archives in Society’, Archival Science 12, no. 2 (2012): 235–44, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-011-9168-8.

24 Geraci y Caswell, ‘Developing a Typology’, 2.

25 Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Política pública de archivos de derechos humanos, memoria histórica y conflicto armado (Bogotá: CNMH, 2017), 137

26 Colombia created human rights archives to hold copies of documents from natural or legal persons, including government departments, that relate to the armed conflict, while the national archives will continue to hold the original records from the government departments. See Congreso de la República de Colombia, ‘Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras’ - Por la cual se dictan medidas de atención, asistencia y reparación integral a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno y se dictan otras disposiciones, Diario Oficial 48.096, 10 junio 2011, Art. 145, parágrafo 4; see Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Política pública.

27 Karen Gracy, ‘Documenting Communities of Practice: Making the Case for Archival Ethnography’, Archival Science 4 (2004): 335–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-005-2599-3. We believe that Gracy’s proposal is also fruitful for the study of personal, community and activist archives.

28 Gracy, ‘Documenting Communities’; Andrew Flinn, Mary Stevens, and Elizabeth Shepherd, ‘Whose Memories, Whose Archives? Independent Community Archives, Autonomy and the Mainstream’, Archival Science 9, no. 1–2 (2009): 71–86, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-009-9105-2.

29 Eric Ketelaar. ‘Tacit Narratives: The Meanings of Archives’, Archival Science 1, no. 2 (2001): 131–41.

30 Sergio Jaramillo, ‘La inclusión política garantiza que no se repita la violencia’, El Tiempo, January 14, 2018, sec. Política, https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/la-inclusion-politica-de-las-farc-garantiza-que-no-se-repita-la-violencia-en-colombia-170726 (accessed September 19, 2019). All the translations from Spanish are our own.

31 Grupo de Memoria Histórica, ¡Basta ya! Colombia: Memorias de guerra y dignidad (Bogotá: CNMH, 2013), 135–48.

32 Rodrigo Uprimny, ¿Justicia transicional sin transición?: verdad, justicia y reparación para Colombia, 1 (Bogotá: DeJusticia, 2006). Nelson Camilo Sánchez León, Jemima García-Godos, and Catalina Vallejo, ‘Colombia: Transitional Justice before Transition’, in Transitional Justice in Latin America: The Uneven Road from Impunity towards Accountability, ed. Elin Skaar, Jemima García-Godos, and Cath Collins (New York: Routledge, 2016), 278–300, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315722856.

33 Colombia: Ley No. 975 de 2005 por la cual se dictan disposiciones para la reincorporación de miembros de grupos armados organizados al margen de la ley, que contribuyan de manera efectiva a la consecución de la paz nacional y se dictan otras disposiciones para acuerdos humanitarios [Colombia], July 25, 2005, https://www.refworld.org/docid/4c56e3bd2.html (accessed September 21, 2019). See article 4 y 7 on the right to truth, and chapter X on archives.

34 Francisco Jiménez and Álvaro González, ‘La negación del conflicto colombiano: un obstáculo para la paz’, Espacios públicos 15, no. 33 (2012): 9–34.

35 Sentencia C-370/06 sobre la Ley 975 de 2005, C-370/06, Colombia: Corte Constitucional, 18 May 2006, https://www.refworld.org/cases,COL_CC,4725a97b64.html (accessed September 20, 2019).

36 Colombia: Ley No. 1448 de 2011, Art. 145.

37 Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Archivos de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos, infracciones al Derecho Internacional Humanitario, memoria histórica y conflicto armado (Bogotá: CNMH, 2014), 25.

38 Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Política pública.

39 Gobierno de Colombia, and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia FARC, Acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera (2016): 125, https://www.altocomisionadoparalapaz.gov.co/procesos-y-conversaciones/Documentos%20compartidos/24-11-2016NuevoAcuerdoFinal.pdf (accessed September 19, 2019).

40 Grupo de Memoria Histórica, Memorias en tiempo de guerra (Bogotá: GMH - Puntoaparte editores, 2009).

41 Gonzalo Sánchez, ‘Reflexiones sobre genealogía y políticas de la memoria en Colombia’, Análisis Político 31, no. 92 (1 January 2018): 96–114, https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v31n92.71101. For a critical review of the dangers inherent to the institutionalisation of the category ‘historical memory’ in Colombia, see Jefferson Jaramillo, Alberto Antonio Beron, and Érika Parrado, ‘Perspectivas disruptivas sobre el campo de la memoria en Colombia’, Utopía y praxis latinoamericana: revista internacional de filosofía iberoamericana y teoría social, no. Extra 4 (2020): 162–75, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3931063.

42 Jefferson Jaramillo Marín, ‘Las Comisiones de estudio sobre la violencia en Colombia. Un examen a los dispositivos y narrativas oficiales sobre el pasado y el presente de la violencia’ in Las luchas por la memoria en América Latina. Historia reciente y violencia política, ed. Eugenia Allier-Montaño y Emilio Crenzel (México: Bonilla Artigas Editores, 2015), 247–72.

43 The IACHR is an organ of the Organization of American States (OAS) whose mission is to promote and protect human rights in the American hemisphere.

44 The Council of State is the highest court of administrative law and public service in Colombia.

45 Colombian citizens who have suffered damage caused by the action or omission of state agents may recurse to administrative contentious jurisdiction and request direct reparation, which offers compensation for the damage caused.

46 Fondo Fabiola Lalinde de Lalinde (Operación Cirirí). T: Testimonio sobre la detención, desaparición y búsqueda de Luis Fernando Lalinde Lalinde (Detenido-desaparecido el 3 de octubre/84 por la Patrulla Militar No 22 del Batallón Ayacucho de Manizales, diciembre 7 de 1990), Archivo Virtual de los Derechos Humanos y Memoria Histórica, título T: testimonios, Co.05001000.00558.01-00-00-01-00-000-0001. See Kate Cronin-Furman and Roxani Krystalli, ‘The Things They Carry: Victims’ Documentation of Forced Disappearance in Colombia and Sri Lanka’, European Journal of International Relations, 17 August 2020, 135406612094647, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066120946479. This study shows some of the functions that documents can serve for victims of state crimes, including memorialization and strategic claim-making.

47 Fondo Fabiola Lalinde de Lalinde (Operación Cirirí), B: Detención-desaparición de Luis Fernando Lalinde Lalinde (Testimonio sobre su búsqueda), expediente B: ff. 24–25, Co.05001000.00558.01-00-00-01-00-000-0002.

48 The sirirí or cirirí (Tyrannus melancholicus) is a yellow and grey feathered native American bird, ‘which persistently chases birds of prey –including eagles– with its beak, until it makes them flee. The relatives of the disappeared have learned from the cirirí that perseverance and constancy in the search for truth are the only means to overcome impunity for human rights’ violations’. ASFADDES, Cómo elaborar una denuncia y un dossier, Cartilla 2 (Bogotá, 1994), 12.

49 It was only in 2000, when Law 589 was approved, that genocide, forced disappearance, forced displacement and torture were criminalised in the country.

50 ASFADDES is an organisation created in 1982 by relatives of victims of enforced disappearance. It was one of the first victims’ movements in Colombia and fought alongside organisations from other countries to search for the disappeared and demand that those responsible be brought to justice. Among its achievements is the criminalisation of enforced disappearance in 2000.

51 Fondo Fabiola Lalinde de Lalinde (Operación Cirirí). T: Testimonio sobre la detención, desaparición y búsqueda de Luis Fernando Lalinde Lalinde, Co.05001000.00558.01-00-00-01-00-000-0001.

52 Asociación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos, Se llevaron a Pedro …  Una historia emanada de la vida real en cuatro partes (Bogotá: ASFADDES, 1993); Asociación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos, Cómo elaborar una denuncia y un dossier, Cartilla 2 (Bogotá: ASFADDES, 1994).

53 Andrew Flinn, ‘Archival Activism: Independent and Community-Led Archives, Radical Public History and the Heritage Professions’, InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies 7, no. 2 (2011): 1–21, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9pt2490x (accessed September 19, 2019).

54 Tzvetan Todorov, Les abus de la mémoire (París: Arléa, 1995).

55 Consejo de Estado, 1990-05197, No. 050012326000-1990-05197-01 (19939) (Consejo de Estado – Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo – Sección Tercera 27, September 2013), 66.

56 Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica. Operación Cirirí. Persistente, insistente e incómoda, 1 hour, 04 min., 06 sec.; video (2017), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teu59l0d2JI (accessed September 20, 2019).

57 Other Latin American archives have been included in this register, such as the Archivo de los Derechos Humanos en Chile and the Archivos para la Memoria, la Verdad y la Justicia frente al Terrorismo de Estado en Argentina.

58 Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, ‘Archivo Virtual de los Derechos Humanos y Memoria Histórica’ https://www.archivodelosddhh.gov.co/saia_release1/ws_client_oim/menu_usuario.php (accessed September 19, 2019). The archival treatment of this Fonds has been critically discussed by Marta García, ¡Archivar para resistir! Fondos Fabiola Lalinde y AFAVIT (master thesis, Universidad de Antioquia, 2019), 90–103.

59 Marta García, ¡Archivar para resistir!, 104–10.

60 Óscar Calvo, interview by Marta Giraldo, 20 March, 2018.

61 Graciela Karababikián, ‘Archivos y derechos humanos en Argentina’, Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación Año LXIX, XXXII, no 119 (2007): 631.

62 Elizabeth Jelin, ‘¿Ante, de, en, y? Mujeres y derechos humanos’, América Latina Hoy 9 (1994): 7–23, https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/308/30800901.pdf (accessed September 19, 2019).

63 Fabiola Lalinde, ‘Hagan hablar al archivo, no dejen que guarde silencio’, Verdad Abierta, April 17, 2018, https://verdadabierta.com/hagan-hablar-al-archivo-no-dejen-guarde-silencio-fabiola-lalinde/ (accessed September 19, 2019).

64 Mario Agudelo, interview by Marta Giraldo, Audio, 21 November, 2017.

65 The Colombian Communist Party – Marxist Leninist was an extreme left-wing party founded in 1965.

66 Agudelo, interview, 21 November, 2017.

67 ‘The objective of the DDR process is to contribute to security and stability in post­ conflict environments so that recovery and development can begin. The disarm ament, demobilisation and reintegration of combatants together make up a complex process with political, military, security, humanitarian and socio­economic dimensions’. United Nations, ‘Operational Guide to the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards’ (United Nations, 2014), 24, https://www.unddr.org/uploads/documents/Operational%20Guide.pdf (accessed September 19, 2019).

68 Gobierno de Colombia and EPL Ejército Popular de Liberación, Acuerdo final gobierno nacional - Ejército Popular de Liberación (Consejería Presidencial para la Paz, February 15, 1991).

69 Eduardo Castro, El ideal, una mirada del sujeto excombatiente: lectura de sus voces, bajo la trama psicoanalítica (PhD diss., Social Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 2016).

70 Verdad Abierta, ‘Exterminio de Epl en Urabá, crimen de lesa humanidad?’, Verdad Abierta, November 21, 2014, https://verdadabierta.com/exterminio-de-epl-en-uraba-crimen-de-lesa-humanidad/ (accessed September 19, 2019).

71 Within the framework of the Justice and Peace judicial system, the cooperative principle implies a commitment to reconciliation. See Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Justicia y Paz: ¿verdad judicial o verdad histórica?, (Bogotá: Taurus, 2012).

72 Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Justicia y Paz, 63.

73 As part of the implementation of the 2011 Victims’ Law, registration in the victims’ registry requires declarants to provide testimony of the facts and corroborating documentation. In Colombia, as in other Latin American countries, due to the difficulty or impossibility of accessing official archives, victims who request recognition turn to the press for news that mentions the violent acts in which they lost their loved ones. Although it is not an indispensable requirement, the contribution of newspaper clipping does speed up procedures that are usually very slow.

74 Eric Ketelaar, ‘Los archivos inmersos en el futuro’, in Seminario Internacional El futuro de la memoria: el patrimonio archivístico digital (Santiago de Compostela: Arquivo de Galicia, 2010), 411–30.

75 Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica. Fondo Mario Agudelo: entre la reconciliación y el conflicto, 8 min., 06 sec.; video (2017), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teu59l0d2JI (accessed September 20, 2019).

76 Diego Navarro, ‘Contexto archivístico y registro de sentimientos de amor y muerte en la edad moderna y contemporánea: una propuesta de integración desde la historia social de la cultura escrita’, Investigación Bibliotecológica 25, no. 53 (2011): 59–101, https://doi.org/10.22201/iibi.0187358xp.2011.53.27469.

77 Véase Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, ‘Archivos que encontraron desaparecidos’, April 19, 2017 https://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/noticias/noticias-cmh/archivos-que-encontraron-desaparecidos (accessed September 19, 2019).

78 The Victims’ Law contemplates collective reparation for harm caused by the violation of collective rights, systematic violation of individual rights of members of a collective or violation of individual rights with collective impact. Once recognition has been achieved, the State must reach an agreement with the victims on a comprehensive collective reparation plan that includes measures of satisfaction, rehabilitation, restitution, compensation and non-repetition. Ley de Víctimas, Chapter XI, Art. 151

79 Andrés Suárez, Identidades políticas y exterminio recíproco: masacres y guerra en Urabá 1991–2001 (Medellín: Carreta, 2007), 148.

80 Mario Agudelo and Jaime Jaramillo, Qué pasa en Cuba que Fidel no se afeita: de las armas a la esperanza: un diálogo con Jaime Jaramillo Panesso (Medellín: Fondo Editorial ITM, 2005); Mario Agudelo and others, Memorias clandestinas para reconstruir nuestra historia. Movimiento Político Esperanza, Paz y Libertad (Medellín: Museo Casa de la Memoria, 2015); German Castro, Que la muerte espere (Bogotá: Planeta, 2005); Gilberto Medina, Historia sin fin … Las milicias en Medellín en la década del noventa (Medellín: Instituto Popular de Capacitación, IPC, 2006); Suárez, Identidades políticas y exterminio recíproco.

81 Marta Giraldo and others, Estudios sobre memoria colectiva del conflicto. Colombia 2000–2010 (Medellín: Universidad de Antioquia, 2011).

82 Rafael Quishpe, ‘Los excombatientes y la memoria: tensiones y retos de la memoria colectiva construida por las FARC en el posconflicto colombiano’, Análisis Político 31, no. 93 (2018), 95.

83 Agudelo, interview, 21 November 2017. The inherent pluralism of the archive has also been underlined by studies on community archives. Michelle E Anderson, ‘Community-Based Transitional Justice via the Creation and Consumption of Digitalized Storytelling Archives: A Case Study of Belfast’s Prisons Memory Archive’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 13, no. 1 (March 2019): 36, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijy030.

84 Pilar Riaño y María Victoria Uribe, ‘Construyendo memoria en medio del conflicto: el Grupo de Memoria Histórica en Colombia’, Revista de Estudios Colombianos 50 (July–December, 2017); Beatriz Sarlo, Tiempo pasado. Cultura de la memoria y giro subjetivo. Una discusión (México: Siglo XXI Editores, 2006).

85 Elisabeth Baumgartner and others, ‘Documentation, Human Rights’.

86 Louis Bickford, ‘The Archival Imperative: Human Rights and Historical Memory in Latin America’s Southern Cone’, Human Rights Quarterly 21, no. 4 (1999): 1109, https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v021/21.4bickford.html (accessed September 20, 2019).

87 Elizabeth Jelin, ‘Militantes y combatientes en la historia de las memorias: silencios, denuncias y reivindicaciones’, Meridional. Revista Chilena de Estudios Latinoamericanos 1 (2013): 77–97, https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-4862.2013.30111.

88 See Aguilar, Barahona and González-Enríquez, ‘Introduction’.

89 Pablo de Greiff, ‘Theorizing transitional justice’, Nomos 51 (2012): 31–77, 46. See also Murphy’s discussion of political trust in terms of good will, competence and trust responsiveness regarding officials in The Conceptual Foundations, 134–9.

90 Eliana Jimeno, ‘Historical Memory as Symbolic Reparation: Transitioning from Violence’, en Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Colombia: Transitioning from Violence, ed. Fabio Andrés Díaz Pabón (Oxford: Routledge, 2018), 136–53, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315148373-9.

91 Olga Rendón, ‘El conflicto armado no puede convertirse en verdad oficial’, El Colombiano, February 2, 2019, https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/el-conflicto-armado-no-puede-convertirse-en-verdad-oficial-NE10142953, (accessed September 19, 2019).

92 Movimiento Nacional de Víctimas de Crímenes de Estado and others, ‘Ratificamos nuestra falta de confianza y el retiro de nuestros archivos del Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica’, February 25, 2019. Letter. https://verdadabierta.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Comunicado-Retiro-Archivos-CNMH.pdf.