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ARTICLES

Organizational work–life initiatives: context matters

France compared to the UK and the US

Pages 159-178 | Received 01 Nov 2007, Published online: 08 May 2009
 

Abstract

Why are organizational work–life initiatives endorsed in some countries such as the US or the UK, while they generate little interest in France and other non-Anglo-Saxon environments? In a qualitative theory-building approach, this paper assesses the gap in workplace practices adoption among the US, the UK, and France and analyzes in-depth interviews with 44 human resources (HR) officers, employee representatives, unions, and work–life service providers in France. Five main factors explain the adoption of organizational work–life initiatives in France and potentially other countries: (1) employer versus State legitimacy in the nonwork sphere of life, (2) industrial relations and unions' stance toward work–life practices, (3) the complexity of the legal framework, (4) the awareness of work–life issues within HR departments, and (5) the framing of work–life as a business or a social issue. With reference to prior research, a model is built to account for the influence of the national context on employees' expectations and employers' leeway at the macrolevel, and for strategic choices made by employers at the mesolevel.

Pourquoi les pratiques d'harmonisation travail-hors-travail (work-life initiatives) sont-elles développées chez les employeurs américains et britanniques, alors qu'elles suscitent peu d'intérêt en France et dans d'autres pays non Anglo-Saxons ? Dans une approche qualitative, d’élaboration de théorie, cet article évalue le différentiel d'adoption des pratiques par les employeurs aux Etats-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en France, puis analyse des entretiens semi-structurés approfondis avec 44 responsables RH, représentants des salariés, syndicalistes et prestataires de services liés au hors-travail, en France. Cinq principaux facteurs expliquent le degré d'adoption des pratiques d'harmonisation travail-hors-travail en France et potentiellement dans d'autres pays : (1) la légitimité des employeurs par rapport à l'Etat, dans le domaine du hors-travail (2) les relations industrielles et la position des syndicats sur ces pratiques (3) la complexité du cadre législatif (4) la connaissance qu'ont les responsables RH de l'enjeu et des pratiques d'harmonisation et (5) l’ interprétation sociale ou économique qui est faite de ces pratiques. En s'appuyant sur les travaux antérieurs, cet article propose un modèle qui rend compte de l'influence du contexte national sur les attentes des salariés et sur la marge de manœuvre des employeurs, au niveau macro, ainsi que sur les choix stratégiques opérés par les employeurs, au niveau méso.

Acknowledgements

This paper benefited greatly from the careful reviews of Maurice Thévenet, Anca Metiu, and two anonymous reviewers. Previous versions were presented at the IESE International International Center of Work and Family conference as well as the Center on Aging & Work at Boston College and the IWER seminar at MIT: I want to thank in particular Anne Bardoel, Ellen Galinsky, Brad Harrington, Tom Kochan, Ellen Kossek, Donna Lero, Sue Lewis, Paul Osterman, Michael Piore, and Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes for their generous comments.

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