Determinants of cultural assimilation in the second generation. A longitudinal analysis of values about marriage and sexuality among Moroccan and Turkish migrants

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the variables.

	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Count
T1 conservative values about marriage and sexuality	−0.000	1.000	−2.232	2.440	1250
T2 conservative values about marriage and sexuality	0.000	1.000	−2.068	2.269	581
Man vs woman	0.450		0	1	1250
Age	27.7	8.7	14	47	1250
Turkish vs Moroccan	0.488		0	1	1250
1.5 vs 2nd generation	0.423		0	1	1250
Parental schooling	2.8	2.0	1	8	1140
Father's ISEI	27.4	13.9	11.6	85.4	1028
Father employed	0.780		0	1	1250
Maternal employment (index)	0.000	0.837	−0.570	2.042	1250
Sunnite vs other	0.490		0	1	1250
Parents orthodox	−0.042	0.755	−2.265	0.958	1250
Parents intermarried	0.062		0	1	1250
Parents majority culture	−0.000	0.722	−1.605	0.751	1181
Parents majority visits	0.823	0.382	0.000	1.000	1181
Respondent schooling	9.9	3.0	3.5	16.5	1250
In school	0.334		0	1	1250
Employed	0.502		0	1	1250
Poverty index	0.910	1.330	0.000	5.000	1242
Home owner	0.346		0	1	1250
Contact majority neighbours	0.163	1.886	−6.000	6.000	1246
Contact majority colleagues	0.796	1.931	−6.000	6.000	1244
Majority friends	0.838		0	1	1250
High-status weak ties	1.539	1.568	0.000	6.000	1250
Observations	1250

Table 2. Attitudes towards family issues for natives and migrants by origin country in the Netherlands.

	Cohabitation good alternative to marriage			Couples with children should be married
	Dutch	Moroccan	Turkish	Dutch	Moroccan	Turkish
Totally agree	16.7	7.7	7.4	3.4	14.9	16.85
Agree	53.6	34.3	35.3	7.7	31.3	32.0
Neutral	17.2	27.2	29.9	16.9	26.6	28.6
Disagree	9.2	22.7	17.7	44.7	21.1	17.6
Totally disagree	3.4	8.1	9.7	27.3	6.1	5.1
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
N	2453	639	609	2456	639	609
	Homosexuality			Divorce			Sex before marriage
	Dutch	Moroccan	Turkish	Dutch	Moroccan	Turkish	Dutch	Moroccan	Turkish
Always wrong	5.7	30.3	32.8	2.5	7.8	10.7	4.4	32.9	28.6
Almost always wrong	2.7	10.2	9.9	9.7	17.4	15.3	2.7	11.9	11.5
In some cases wrong	13.6	21.4	26.3	64.7	55.6	56.6	14.2	29.6	30.3
Never wrong	78.1	38.2	31.0	23.1	19.3	17.4	78.8	25.7	29.6
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
N	2451	637	609	2451	637	608	2451	637	608

Figure 1. Level and diversity of values about marriage and sexuality for natives and second-generation migrants by denomination

Table 3. Regression of conservative values about marriage and sexuality: Moroccan and Turkish migrants.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Parents’ socioeconomic	Parents’ social and cultural	Individual socioeconomic	Individual social
Man vs woman	.081	.034	.027	.050
	(.056)	(.054)	(.054)	(.053)
Age	−.019**	−.015**	−.012**	−.007
	(.004)	(.004)	(.005)	(.005)
Turkish vs Moroccan	.139**	.232**	.220**	.181**
	(.059)	(.059)	(.060)	(.059)
1.5 vs 2nd generation	.183**	.105	.084	.064
	(.068)	(.066)	(.065)	(.064)
Parental schooling	−.073**	−.013	.004	−.000
	(.035)	(.034)	(.034)	(.033)
Father's ISEI	−.028	.006	.005	.008
	(.034)	(.033)	(.032)	(.032)
Father employed	.024	−.012	.013	.016
	(.069)	(.066)	(.065)	(.064)
Maternal employment (index)	−.098**	−.022	−.023	−.016
	(.031)	(.030)	(.030)	(.029)
Sunnite vs other		.216**	.238**	.215**
		(.055)	(.055)	(.054)
Parents orthodox		.249**	.236**	.213**
		(.032)	(.032)	(.032)
Parents intermarried		−.275**	−.272**	−.180
		(.124)	(.123)	(.121)
Parents majority visits		−.171**	−.131	−.121
		(.080)	(.080)	(.079)
Parents majority culture		−.063*	−.064*	−.042
		(.033)	(.033)	(.032)
Respondent schooling			−.101**	−.060**
			(.029)	(.030)
In school			−.058	−.013
			(.103)	(.101)
Employed			−.187**	−.097
			(.079)	(.080)
Poverty index			.034	.041
			(.028)	(.027)
Home owner			−.007	.046
			(.062)	(.061)
Contact majority neighbours				−.159**
				(.028)
Contact majority colleagues				−.035
				(.028)
Majority friends				−.244**
				(.073)
High-status weak ties				−.035
				(.029)
Constant	.321**	.303**	.301*	.294
	(.109)	(.127)	(.180)	(.185)
Observations	1250	1250	1250	1250
Adjusted R^2	.038	.134	.154	.190

Note: Standard errors in parentheses. Continuous variables standardised.

*p < .10; **p < .05.

Table 4. Regression of conservative values about marriage and sexuality with panel data: Moroccan and Turkish migrants.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Cross-sectional T1 conservative values	Panel T2 conservative values	Panel + T1 control T2 conservative values
Man vs woman	.033	.160*	.143**
	(.083)	(.082)	(.068)
Age	−.020**	−.016*	−.005
	(.009)	(.008)	(.007)
1.5 vs 2nd generation	.194*	.053	−.053
	(.103)	(.102)	(.085)
Turkish vs Moroccan	.266**	.143	−.001
	(.092)	(.091)	(.076)
Parental schooling	.010	−.038	−.043
	(.054)	(.053)	(.045)
Father's ISEI	.025	−.032	−.046
	(.048)	(.048)	(.040)
Father employed	.007	−.114	−.118
	(.103)	(.102)	(.085)
Maternal employment (index)	−.015	−.039	−.031
	(.043)	(.042)	(.035)
Sunnite vs other	.198**	.128	.020
	(.082)	(.081)	(.068)
Parents orthodox	.185**	.196**	.096**
	(.047)	(.046)	(.039)
Parents intermarried	−.233	.176	.302
	(.388)	(.381)	(.319)
Parents majority visits	−.098	−.040	.013
	(.117)	(.115)	(.096)
Parents majority culture	−.077	−.037	.005
	(.049)	(.048)	(.040)
Respondent schooling	−.111**	−.079*	−.018
	(.047)	(.046)	(.039)
In school	−.084	−.013	.032
	(.177)	(.174)	(.146)
Employed	−.000	.051	.051
	(.130)	(.128)	(.107)
Poverty index	−.019	−.018	−.007
	(.045)	(.044)	(.037)
Home owner	−.007	.006	.010
	(.093)	(.092)	(.077)
Contact majority neighbours	−.102**	−.146**	−.090**
	(.048)	(.047)	(.039)
Contact majority colleagues	−.047	−.000	.025
	(.043)	(.042)	(.035)
Majority friends	−.321**	−.364**	−.190**
	(.115)	(.113)	(.095)
High-status weak ties	−.013	−.014	−.007
	(.045)	(.045)	(.037)
T1 conservative values about marriage and sexuality			.542**
			(.036)
Constant	.686**	.691**	.319
	(.317)	(.312)	(.262)
Observations	537	537	537
Adjusted R^2	.171	.179	.428

Note: Standard errors in parentheses. Continuous variables standardised.

*p < .10; **p < .05.