Figures & data
Table 1. Literature search strategy (PICO criteria); status March 2015.
Table 2. Overview of trials investigating menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) containing oral micronized progestin (MP).
Table 3. Overview of trials investigating menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) containing vaginal micronized progestin (MP).
Table 4. Overview of trials investigating menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) containing transdermal micronized progestin (MP).
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Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Epidemiol 2010;172:1394–403 Fournier A, Dossus L, Mesrine S, et al. Risks of endometrial cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies in the E3N cohort, 1992–2008. Am J Epidemiol 2014;180:508–17 Marengo M, Rodriguez Vidal V, Deza EG. Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). Evaluation of a novel 25 days regimen with percutaneous estradiol (PE2) and micronized oral progesterone (MP). PAMI Institution: Sarmiento 373, Rosario, Argentina, 2000 Moyer DL, de Lignieres B, Driguez P, Pez JP. Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia by progesterone during long-term estradiol replacement: influence of bleeding pattern and secretory changes. Fertil Steril 1993;59:992–7 Ben-Chetrit A, Hochner-Celnikier D, Lindenberg T, et al. Vaginal ring delivering estradiol and progesterone: a possible alternative to relieve climacteric symptoms. Isr Med Assoc J 2005;7:302–6 Ross D, Cooper AJ, Pryse-Davies J, Bergeron C, Collins WP, Whitehead MI. Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of the endometrial effects of a vaginal progesterone gel in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:937–41 Noe G, Sitruk-Ware R, Zegers-Hochschild F, et al. Endometrial effect of progesterone delivered by vaginal rings in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2010;13:433–41 Ferrero S, Gerbaldo D, Fulcheri E, Cristoforoni P. Vaginal micronized progesterone in continuous hormone replacement therapy. A prospective randomized study. Minerva Ginecol 2002;54:519–30 Antoniou G, Kalogirou D, Karakitsos P, Antoniou D, Kalogirou O, Giannikos L. Transdermal estrogen with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device for climacteric complaints versus estradiol-releasing vaginal ring with a vaginal progesterone suppository: clinical and endometrial responses. Maturitas 1997;26:103–11 Cicinelli E, Borraccino V, Petruzzi D, Mazzotta N, Cerundolo ML, Schonauer LM. Pharmacokinetics and endometrial effects of the vaginal administration of micronized progesterone in an oil-based solution to postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1996;65:860–2 de Ziegler D, Ferriani R, Moraes LA, Bulletti C. Vaginal progesterone in menopause: Crinone 4% in cyclical and constant combined regimens. Hum Reprod 2000;1(Suppl 1):149–58 Fernandez-Murga L, Hermenegildo C, Tarin JJ, Garcia-Perez MA, Cano A. Endometrial response to concurrent treatment with vaginal progesterone and transdermal estradiol. Climacteric 2012;15:455–9 Cicinelli E, de Ziegler D, Galantino P, et al. Twice-weekly transdermal estradiol and vaginal progesterone as continuous combined hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: a 1-year prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:556–60 Miles RA, Paulson RJ, Lobo RA, Press MF, Dahmoush L, Sauer MV. Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes: a comparative study. Fertil Steril 1994;62:485–90 Cicinelli E, de Ziegler D, Alfonso R, Nicoletti R, Bellavia M, Colafiglio G. Endometrial effects, bleeding control, and compliance with a new postmenopausal hormone therapy regimen based on transdermal estradiol gel and every-other-day vaginal progesterone in capsules: a 3-year pilot study. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1859–63 Suvanto-Luukkonen E, Malinen H, Sundstrom H, Penttinen J, Kauppila A. Endometrial morphology during hormone replacement therapy with estradiol gel combined to levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device or natural progesterone. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998;77:758–63 Vilodre LC, Osorio Wender MC, Sisson de Castro JA, et al. Endometrial response to a cyclic regimen of percutaneous 17beta-estradiol and low-dose vaginal micronized progesterone in women with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Gynecol Endocrinol 2003;17:323–8 Leonetti HB, Wilson KJ, Anasti JN. Topical progesterone cream has an antiproliferative effect on estrogen-stimulated endometrium. Fertil Steril 2003;79:221–2 Wren BG, McFarland K, Edwards L. Micronised transdermal progesterone and endometrial response. Lancet 1999;354:1447–8 Wren BG, McFarland K, Edwards L, et al. Effect of sequential transdermal progesterone cream on endometrium, bleeding pattern, and plasma progesterone and salivary progesterone levels in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2000;3:155–60 Leonetti HB, Landes J, Steinberg D, Anasti JN. Transdermal progesterone cream as an alternative progestin in hormone therapy. Altern Ther Health Med 2005;11:36–8 Vashisht A, Wadsworth F, Carey A, Carey B, Studd J. Bleeding profiles and effects on the endometrium for women using a novel combination of transdermal oestradiol and natural progesterone cream as part of a continuous combined hormone replacement regime. BJOG 2005;112:1402–6