Mind the Gap? Comparing De Facto and De Jure Expert Authority of International Public Administrations in Financial and Agricultural Policy

Figures & data

Table 1. Different possible authority configurations

	High de facto	Low de facto
High de jure	Conformity	Negative authority gaps
Low de jure	Positive authority gaps	Conformity

Figure 1. De jure authority compared with de facto expert authority (Hooghe et al. 2017)

Figure 2. De jure expert authority compared with de facto expert authority (Zürn et al. 2020)

Table 2. Different observed authority configurations IPA level

	High de facto (≥mid-range)	Low de facto (<mid-range)
High de jure (≥mid-range)	IMF, FAO
Low de jure (<mid-range)	BIS, World Bank	OECD

Figure 3. De jure expert authority and de facto expert authority in agriculture (agribusiness (AB), biodiversity (BD), bioenergy (BE) and agricultural policies on climate change (CC))

Figure 4. De jure expert authority and de facto expert authority in finance (banking regulation (BR), debt management (DM), monetary policy (MP) and tax policy (TP))

Table 3. Different observed authority configurations IPA and policy level

	High de facto (≥mid-range)	Low de facto (<mid-range)
High de jure (≥mid-range)	7 (87.5%) FAO (AB, BD, CC) IMF (BR, DM, MP, TP)	1 (12.5%) FAO (BE)	8 (100%)
Low de jure (<mid-range)	5 (35.7%) BIS (BR) OECD (TP) World Bank (BR, DM, TP)	9 (64.3%) BIS (DM, MP) OECD (AB, BD, BE, BR, CC, DM, MP)	14 (100%)

Figure 5. De jure expert authority and de facto expert authority distribution of addressees (labels indicate the percentage of respondents per IPA)

Table 4. Different observed authority configurations at the addressee level (national bureaucratic unit)

	High de facto (≥mid-range)	Low de facto (<mid-range)
High de jure (≥mid-range)	202 (58.6%)	143 (41.4%)	345 (100%)
Low de jure (<mid-range)	238 (40.3%)	352 (59.7%)	590 (100%)

Table A1. IPAs included in the survey in the different policy areas

Policy field Thematic areas International bureaucracies	Agriculture				Finance
	Agribusiness policy	Biodiversity policy in agric.	Bioenergy policy in agric.	Climate change policy in agric.	Banking regulation	Debt management	Monetary policy	Tax policy
Global
Bank for International Settlements, BIS					x	x	x
Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO	x	x	x	x
International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD	x	x	x	x
International Monetary Fund, IMF					x	x	x	x
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD	x	x	x	x		x
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN DESA								x
UN Environment Programme, UNEP	x	x	x	x
World Bank	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Regional
African Development Bank, AfDB					x	x	x	x
African Tax Administration Forum, ATAF								x
Asian Development Bank, ADB					x	x	x	x
Association of Supervisors of Banks of the Americas, ASBA					x
Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA							x
European Central Bank, ECB					x	x	x
Inter-American Center of Tax Administration, CIAT								x
Inter-American Development Bank, IDB					x	x	x	x
Intra-European Organization of Tax Administrations, IOTA								x

Table A2. Question on expert authority in the survey

Secretariat of the	All advice	Nearly all advice	Most advice	About half of the advice	Some advice	Relatively little advice	No advice	Not aware of any advice	Secretariat’s work not known
AfDB	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
BIS	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
IMF	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
OECD	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
World Bank	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○

Table A3 Response rate (based on n = 354)

	Agricultural policy	Financial policy	Total
Africa	33%	33%	33%
Americas	45%	38%	42%
Asia & Oceania	35%	31%	33%
Europe	44%	51%	47%
Total	38%	38%	38%

Figure A1. Work experience (thematic field)

Figure A2. Work experience (thematic field in administrative unit)

Figure A3. Staff category

Figure A4. Distribution of evaluations of expert authority

Figure A5. Average by IPA in each policy area (full sample).

Zürn, M., Tokhi, A., and Binder, M., 2020, The International Authority Database (IAD). Unpublished manuscript.

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