Therapeutic potential of plant iridoids in depression: a review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Biosynthesis pathway of iridoids.

Table 1. Some classical formulae associated with depression.

Preparation name	Composition	Iridoid compounds	References
Zhi-Zi-Chi Decoction	Gardenia jasminoides, fermented soybean	geniposide	(Qu et al. 2014)
Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po Decoction	Gardenia jasminoides, Magnolia officinali, Citrus aurantium	geniposide	(Yao et al. 2013)
Danzhi-Xiaoyao-San	Bupleurum chinense, Angelica sinensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Poria coco, Atractylodes macrocephala, Gardenia jasminoides, Paeonia suffruticosa	geniposide	(Wang et al. 2022)
Baihe Dihuang Decoction	Lilium landfolium, Rehjnannia glutinosa	catalpol	(Miao et al. 2019)
Yueju Pill	Cyperus rotundus, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Atractylodes lancea	geniposide	(Zhang et al. 2015)
Longdan Xiegan Decoction	Gentiana manshurica, Scutellaria baicalensis, Gardenia jasminoides, Alisma orientate, Akebia quinata, Plantago asiatica, Angelica sinensis, Rehjnannia glutinosa, Bupleurum chinense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis	gentiopicroside, geniposide	(Wan 2017)
Liuwei Dihuang Pill	Rehjnannia glutinosa, Cornus officinalis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Dioscorea opposita, Poria coco, Alisma orientat	catalpol, loganin, morroniside	(Liu et al. 2017)
Jingui Shenqi Pill	Rehjnannia glutinosa, Poria coco, Dioscorea opposita, Cornus officinali, Paeonia suffruticosa, Alisma orientate, Cinnamomum cassia, Achyranthes bidentata, Plantago asiatica, Aconitum carmichaelii	loganin, morroniside, catalpol	(Li et al. 2019)
Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction	Prunus persica, Achyranthes bidentata, Angelica sinensis, Rehjnannia glutinosa, Crocus sativus, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Paeonia ladiflora, Platycodon grandiflorum, Bupleurum chinense, Citrus aurantium, Glycyrrhiza uralensis	catalpol	(Wang et al. 2021)

Figure 2. The aetiology and pivotal molecular targets of depression. Glu, Glutamate; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CORT, corticosterone; VGF, vascular growth factor.

Figure 3. Major molecular target of iridoids and secoiridoids in prevention of depression.

(↑)-denotes up-regulation, (↓)-denotes down-regulation.

Table 2. List of major plant sources and isolation references of iridoids against depression.

Compound	Plant sources	Reference(s)
	Gardenia jasminoides Rehmannia glutinosa Eucommia ulmoides Cistanche deserticola Achyranthes bidentata Genipa americana Genipap fruit Randia spinosa	(Hamerski et al. 2003; Ono et al. 2005; Nathia-Neves et al. 2017; Shan et al. 2017)
	Rehmannia glutinosa Centranthera grandiflora Buddleia globosa Plantago argentea Centranthera grandiflora Lagotidis Herb Veronica longifolia Radix Scrophulariae Lanceatibetica	(Duff et al. 1965; Suomi et al. 2000; Sertic et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2016; Bai et al. 2019; Wan et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2020; He et al. 2021)
	Cornus officinalis Palicourea rigida Parentucellia latifolia Lonicera japonica Haskap berry Kirengeshoma palmata Scabiosa variifolia Strynos nux-vomica Cornus mas	(Yamamoto et al. 1999; Papalexandrou et al. 2003; Khan et al. 2012; da Silva et al. 2013; Dinda et al. 2016; Gousiadou et al. 2016; Lei et al. 2018; Llorent-Martínez et al. 2019; Martinez et al. 2021)
	Gentiana manshurica Gentiana macrophylla Gentiana scabra Gentiana triflora Swertia tetraptera Gentiana lutea	(Jiang et al. 2003; Öztürk et al. 2006; Jiang et al. 2012; Kuang et al. 2016; Choi et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2020)
	Olea europaea Syringa pubescens Syringa microphylla Ligustrum lucidum Jasminum officinale	(Papalexandrou et al. 2003; Zhao et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2021)
	Enicostemma littorale Scabiosa variifolia Centaurium erythraea Eustoma grandiflorum Fragrea fragrans Gentiana algida Swertia angustifolia Swertia tetraptera	(Anwar et al. 1996; Papalexandrou et al. 2003; Jiang et al. 2012; Fadzil et al. 2021)
	Cornus officinalis Gentiana straminea	(Lei et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2021)
	Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Picrorhiza kurrooa	(Li et al. 1998)
	Valeriana jatamansi Valeriana glechomifolia Valeriana laurifolia Valeriana officinalis Valeriana amurensis Valeriana polystachya	(Giraldo et al. 2013; Müller et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2017)

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