2,622
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Therapeutic potential of plant iridoids in depression: a review

, , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 2167-2181 | Received 10 May 2022, Accepted 25 Sep 2022, Published online: 27 Oct 2022

References

  • Alesci S, Martinez PE, Kelkar S, Ilias I, Ronsaville DS, Listwak SJ, Ayala AR, Licinio J, Gold HK, Kling MA, et al. 2005. Major depression is associated with significant diurnal elevations in plasma interleukin-6 levels, a shift of its circadian rhythm, and loss of physiological complexity in its secretion: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 90(5):2522–2530.
  • Andersen H, Braestrup C, Randrup A. 1975. Apomorphine-induced stereotyped biting in the tortoise in relation to dopaminergic mechanisms. Brain Behav Evol. 11(5–6):365–373.
  • Anwar M, Ahmad M, Aslam M, Aftab K. 1996. Enicostema littorale: a new source of swertiamarin. Pak J Pharm Sci. 9(1):29–35.
  • Badr AM, Attia HA, Al-Rasheed N. 2020. Oleuropein reverses repeated corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior in mice: evidence of modulating effect on biogenic amines. Sci Rep. 10(1):1–10.
  • Bai Y, Zhu R, Tian Y, Li R, Chen B, Zhang H, Xia B, Zhao D, Mo F, Zhang D, et al. 2019. Catalpol in diabetes and its complications: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Molecules. 24(18):3302–3302.
  • Bassil F, Fernagut P, Bezard E, Meissner WG. 2014. Insulin, IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling in neurodegenerative disorders: targets for disease modification? J Progress Neurobiol. 118:1–18.
  • Bhattacharya SK, Reddy PK, Ghosal S, Singh AK, Sharma PV. 1976. Chemical constituents of Gentianaceae XIX: CNS-depressant effects of swertiamarin. J Pharm Sci. 65(10):1547–1549.
  • Cai L, Li R, Tang W, Meng G, Hu X, Wu T. 2015. Antidepressant-like effect of geniposide on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats by regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 25(8):1332–1341.
  • Cai L, Mu Y, Liu M, Tang W, Li R. 2020. Antidepressant-like effects of penta-acetyl geniposide in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression rat model: involvement of inhibiting neuroinflammation in prefrontal cortex and regulating hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis. Int Immunopharmacol. 80:106182–106182.
  • Camargo A, Dalmagro AP, Rosa JM, Zeni ALB, Kaster MP, Tasca CI, Rodrigues AL. 2020. Subthreshold doses of guanosine plus ketamine elicit antidepressant-like effect in a mouse model of depression induced by corticosterone: role of GR/NF-κB/IDO-1 signaling. Neurochem Int. 139:104797–104797.
  • Carito V, Venditti A, Bianco A, Ceccanti M, Serrilli AM, Chaldakov G, Tarani L, De Nicolo S, Fiore M. 2014. Effects of olive leaf polyphenols on male mouse brain NGF, BDNF and their receptors TrkA, TrkB and p75. Nat Prod Res. 28(22):1970–1984.
  • Cassano P, Fava M. 2004. Tolerability issues during long-term treatment with antidepressants. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 16(1):15–25.
  • Castren E. 2005. Opinion – Is mood chemistry? Nat Rev Neurosci. 6:241–246.
  • Chan KL, Cathomas F, Russo SJ. 2019. Central and peripheral inflammation link metabolic syndrome and major depressive disorder. Physiology. 34(2):123–133.
  • Chen G, Chen Q, Zhang L, Zhou B. 2021. [Effects of gardeniin on the expression of collapsing response mediator protein 2 and potential molecular mechanism in prefrontal cortex of depression model rats]. China Pharm. 24:6–6.
  • Chen T, Liu S, Zheng M, Li Y, He L. 2021. The effect of geniposide on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive mice through BTK/TLR4/NF-kappa B and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways. Phytother Res. 35(2):932–945.
  • Choi R, Nam S, Lee H, Lee J, Leutou A, Ham J, Lee M. 2019. Gentiopicroside isolated from Gentiana scabra Bge. inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and reduces body weight in diet-induced obese mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 29(14):1699–1704.
  • Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JPT, et al. 2018. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 391(10128):1357–1366.
  • Coppen A, Shaw DM, Malleson A. 1965. Changes in 5-hydroxytryptophan metabolism in depression. Br J Psychiatry. 111:105–107.
  • Cui Y, Yan Z, Hou S, Chang Z. 2004. Effect of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata on the expression of C-fos and NGF in hippocampi and learning and memory in rats with damaged thalamic arcuate nucleus. J Chinese Med Materials. 27:589–592.
  • Dai Y, Li Z, Xue L, Dou C, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Qin X. 2010. Metabolomics study on the anti-depression effect of xiaoyaosan on rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress. J Ethnopharmacol. 128(2):482–489.
  • Dai Y, Wang M, Zhu Y, Wang L, Ju J, Zhang Z. 2016. [Effect of D-cellobiose on oral bioavailability of gentiopicroside]. China J Chin Mater Med. 41:1855–1859.
  • da Silva MdS, Pereira AMS, Freitas Morel LJd, França SdC, Bertoni BW. 2013. Association of loganin contents with the genetic characterization of natural populations of Palicourea rigida Kunth determined by AFLP molecular markers. Biochem Syst Ecol. 51:189–194.
  • Debacker J, Hawken ER, Normandeau CP, Jones AA, Di Prospero C, Mechefske E, Gregory JG, Hayton SJ, Dumont EC. 2015. GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors blockade rescues bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of cocaine self-administering rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 40(2):394–405.
  • Deng S, Chen J, Wang F. 2020. Microglia: a central player in depression. Curr Med Sci. 40(3):391–400.
  • Deng Y. 2015. The mechanisms underlying analgesic and anti-depression of gentiopicroside [dissertation]. Xi’an: Fourth Military Medical University. Chinese.
  • Deng Y-T, Zhao M-G, Xu T-J, Li, X-H, Jin-Hou . 2018. Gentiopicroside abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice through tryptophan-degrading pathway. Metab Brain Dis. 33(5):1413–1420.
  • Dinda B, Dinda M, Kulsi G, Chakraborty A, Dinda S. 2019. Therapeutic potentials of plant iridoids in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: a review. Eur J Med Chem. 169:185–199.
  • Dinda B, Kyriakopoulos AM, Dinda S, Zoumpourlis V, Thomaidis NS, Velegraki A, Markopoulos C, Dinda M. 2016. Cornus mas L.(Cornelian cherry), an important European and Asian traditional food and medicine: ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology for its commercial utilization in drug industry. J Ethnopharmacol. 193:670–690.
  • Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctot KL. 2010. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 67(5):446–457.
  • Duclot F, Kabbaj M. 2015. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in depression and response to antidepressants. J Exp Biol. 218(Pt 1):21–31.
  • Duff R, Bacon J, Mundie C, Farmer V, Russell J, Forrester A. 1965. Catalpol and methylcatalpol: naturally occurring glycosides in Plantago and Buddleia species. Biochem J. 96(1):1–5.
  • Duman RS, Monteggia LM. 2006. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 59(12):1116–1127.
  • El Mansari M, Guiard BP, Chernoloz O, Ghanbari R, Katz N, Blier P. 2010. Relevance of norepinephrine-dopamine interactions in the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther. 16(3):e1–e17.
  • Fadzil NSM, Sekar M, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Wu YS, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S, Lum PT, Dhadde S. 2021. Chemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic potential of swertiamarin-a promising natural lead for new drug discovery and development. Drug Des Devel Ther. 15:2721–2746.
  • Geschwind DH, Flint J. 2015. Genetics and genomics of psychiatric disease. Science. 349(6255):1489–1494.
  • Giraldo SE, Rincon J, Guerrero MF, Lopez I, Jimenez IA, Marder M, Wasowski C, Vergel NE. 2013. Valepotriate hydrines isolated from an anticonvulsant fraction of Valeriana pavonii Poepp. & Endl. Latin Am J Pharm. 2013:1224–1230.
  • González E, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Giménez B, Cebrian R, Maqueda M, Parada J, Martinez-Ferez A, Segura-Carretero A, Robert P. 2020. Role of maltodextrin and inulin as encapsulating agents on the protection of oleuropein during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem. 310:125976–125976.
  • Gousiadou C, Li H, Gotfredsen C, Jensen SR. 2016. Iridoids in Hydrangeaceae. Biochem Syst Ecol. 64:122–130.
  • Guo J, Tian C, Liu X, Zheng T. 2011. Advances in research of iridoids occurring in Chinese materia medica. Drug Eval Res. 34:293–297.
  • Haapakoski R, Ebmeier KP, Alenius H, Kivimaki M. 2016. Innate and adaptive immunity in the development of depression: an update on current knowledge and technological advances. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 66:63–72.
  • Habtemariam S. 2018. Iridoids and other monoterpenes in the Alzheimer’s brain: recent development and future prospects. Molecules. 23(1):117–117.
  • Hamerski L, Furlan M, Silva DHS, Cavalheiro AJ, Eberlin MN, Tomazela DM, Bolzani VD. 2003. Iridoid glucosides from Randia spinosa (Rubiaceae). Phytochemistry. 63(4):397–400.
  • He F, Qi J, Li Q, Yang J, Gao B, Zhou J. 2021. [Differential study on different origin of Lagotidis herba and their medicinal parts on the basis of iridoid glycosides]. Tradit Chin Drug Res Clin Pharmacol. 32:5–5.
  • Hinkelmann K, Moritz S, Botzenhardt J, Riedesel K, Wiedemann K, Kellner M, Otte C. 2009. Cognitive impairment in major depression: association with salivary cortisol. Biol Psychiatry. 66(9):879–885.
  • Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. 2009. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 71(2):171–186.
  • Huang R, Hu W, Hou S, Zhao H, Wang X, Chen G. 2020. The chemical constituents of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. under acidic condition using gentiopicroside-rich secoiridoids extract. Phytochem Lett. 39:30–34.
  • Huang X, Fei G, Liu W, Ding J, Wang Y, Wang H, Ji J, Wang X. 2020. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against CMS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice via regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 41(5):612–619.
  • Jazvinšćak Jembrek M, Hof PR, Šimić G. 2015. 2015. Ceramides in Alzheimer’s disease: key mediators of neuronal apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and Aβ accumulation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015:346783–346717.
  • Jiang H, Chen S, Li C, Lu N, Yue Y, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Zhi X, Zhang D, Yuan Y. 2017. The serum protein levels of the tPA–BDNF pathway are implicated in depression and antidepressant treatment. Transl Psychiatry. 7(4):e1079-e1079.
  • Jiang L, Cai Y, Xia G, Xiang F. 2012. Introgression of the heterologous nuclear DNAs and efficacious compositions from Swertia tetraptera Maxim. into Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. via somatic hybridization. Protoplasma. 249(3):737–745.
  • Jiang W, Shen Z, Wang X, Li J, Jiang M. 2003. [Determination of gentiopicroside in different parts of Gentiana triflora]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs. 34:272–273.
  • Jugran AK, Rawat S, Bhatt ID, Rawal RS. 2019. Valeriana jatamansi: an herbaceous plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother Res. 33(3):482–503.
  • Kalkman HO, Feuerbach D. 2016. Antidepressant therapies inhibit inflammation and microglial M1-polarization. Pharmacol Ther. 163:82–93.
  • Katalinic N, Lai R, Somogyi A, Mitchell PB, Glue P, Loo CK. 2013. Ketamine as a new treatment for depression: a review of its efficacy and adverse effects. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 47(8):710–727.
  • Kelly JR, Borre Y, O' Brien C, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, Kennedy PJ, Beers S, Scott K, Moloney G, et al. 2016. Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 82:109–118.
  • Khan M, Garg A, Srivastava S, Darokar M. 2012. A cytotoxic agent from strychnos nux-vomica and biological evaluation of its modified analogues. Med Chem Res. 21(10):2975–2980.
  • Khandaker GM, Pearson RM, Zammit S, Lewis G, Jones PB. 2014. Association of serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in childhood with depression and psychosis in young adult life a population-based longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 71(10):1121–1128.
  • Kim Y-K, Lee H-P, Won S-D, Park E-Y, Lee H-Y, Lee B-H, Lee S-W, Yoon D, Han C, Kim D-J, et al. 2007. Low plasma BDNF is associated with suicidal behavior in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 31(1):78–85.
  • Koo JW, Russo SJ, Ferguson D, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. 2010. Nuclear factor-kappa B is a critical mediator of stress-impaired neurogenesis and depressive behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107(6):2669–2674.
  • Krishnan V, Nestler EJ. 2008. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature. 455(7215):894–902.
  • Kuang H, wu G, Liu H, Wu Q, Wang Q, Wang C. 2016. [Research progress on biotransformation and pharmacological activity of gentiopicroside and Longchine]. Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med. 2016:385–389.
  • Lai W-T, Deng W-F, Xu S-X, Zhao J, Xu D, Liu Y-H, Guo Y-Y, Wang M-B, He F-S, Ye S-W, et al. 2021. Shotgun metagenomics reveals both taxonomic and tryptophan pathway differences of gut microbiota in major depressive disorder patients. Psychol Med. 51(1):90–101.
  • Lei X, Su Y, Li M, Gui H. 2018. Research progress of loganin and morroniside from cornel iridoid glycosides. Shanghai J Tradit Chin Med. 52(01):104–108.
  • Li J, Li P, Tezuka Y, Namba T, Kadota S. 1998. Three phenylethanoid glycosides and an iridoid glycoside from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Phytochemistry. 48(3):537–542.
  • Li M, Wang Q, Yuan G. 2019. [Effect of Jinkui Shenqi Pill on serum nerve growth factor in depression patients with kidney deficiency and liver stagnation]. J Capit Med Univ. 2:6–6.
  • Li Q, Li Z, Xu XY, Guo YL, Du F. 2010. Neuroprotective properties of picroside II in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Int J Mol Sci. 11(11):4580–4590.
  • Li W, Li J. 2019. [Protective effect of oleuropein on H2O2-induced PC12 oxidative stress injury]. Acta Chin Med Pharmacol. 047:37–41.
  • Li X, Huo C, Wang Q, Zhang X, Sheng X, Zhang L. 2008. Microbial metabolism of loganin by intestinal bacteria and identification of new metabolites in rat. Biomed Chromatogr. 22(4):367–373.
  • Li Y, Wang L, Wang P, Fan C, Zhang P, Shen J, Yu SY. 2020. Ginsenoside-Rg1 rescues stress-induced depression-like behaviors via suppression of oxidative stress and neural inflammation in rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020:2325391–2325315.
  • Li Y, Wu L, Chen C, Wang L, Guo C, Zhao X, Zhao T, Wang X, Liu A, Yan Z. 2020. Serum metabolic profiling reveals the antidepressive effects of the total iridoids of Valeriana jatamansi Jones on chronic unpredictable mild stress mice. Front Pharmacol. 11:338–338.
  • Liang S, Wu X, Hu X, Wang T, Jin F. 2018. Recognizing depression from the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Int J Mol Sci. 19(6):1592–1592.
  • Lin S, Shen Y-H, Li H-L, Yang X-W, Chen T, Lu L-H, Huang Z-S, Liu R-H, Xu X-K, Zhang W-D, et al. 2009. Acylated iridoids with cytotoxicity from Valeriana jatamansi. J Nat Prod. 72(4):650–655.
  • Llorent-Martínez EJ, Fernández-de Córdova ML, Zengin G, Bahadori MB, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KR, Fawzi Mahomoodally M. 2019. Parentucellia latifolia subsp. latifolia: a potential source for loganin iridoids by HPLC-ESI-MSn technique. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 165:374–380.
  • Liu C, Li G, Huang Y. 2001. Comparison on catalpol in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. of different producing areas. Tradit Chin Med Res. 14:10–12.
  • Liu J, Liu Z, Wang L, He H, Mu H, Sun W, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Ma W, Zhang W, et al. 2021. Bioactivity-guided isolation of immunomodulatory compounds from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum. J Ethnopharmacol. 274:114079–114079.
  • Liu Q, Shi Y, Zhang B. 2017. [Observation of the efficacy of Jieyu Anshen Tablet combined with Liuwei Dihuang Pill on geriatric patients with depression]. J Int Psychl. 44(1):85–87.
  • Liu SB, Zhao R, Li XS, Guo HJ, Tian Z, Zhang N, Gao GD, Zhao MG. 2014. Attenuation of reserpine-induced pain/depression dyad by gentiopicroside through downregulation of GluN2B receptors in the amygdala of mice. Neuromolecular Med. 16(2):350–359.
  • Lu Y, Du S, Bai J, Li P, Wen R, Zhao X. 2012. Bioavailability and brain-targeting of geniposide in Gardenia-Borneol co-compound by different administration routes in mice. Int J Mol Sci. 13(11):14127–14135.
  • Marotta A, Sarno E, Del Casale A, Pane M, Mogna L, Amoruso A, Felis GE, Fiorio M. 2019. Effects of probiotics on cognitive reactivity, mood, and sleep quality. Front Psychiatry. 10:164–164.
  • Martinez AS, Kornpointner C, Haselmair-Gosch C, Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Schröder K, Halbwirth H. 2021. Dynamic streamlined extraction of iridoids, anthocyanins and lipids from haskap berries. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 138:110633–110633.
  • Meaney MJ. 2001. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu Rev Neurosci. 24(1):1161–1192.
  • Meltzer HY, Lowy MT, Koenig JI. 2010. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 43:165–165.
  • Mendenhall E, Kohrt BA, Norris SA, Ndetei D, Prabhakaran D. 2017. Non-communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations. Lancet. 389(10072):951–963.
  • Miao M, Peng M, Chen H, Liu B. 2019. Effects of Baihe Dihuang powder on chronic stress depression rat models. Saudi J Biol Sci. 26(3):582–588.
  • Mikami T, Kim J, Park J, Lee H, Yaicharoen P, Suidasari S, Yokozawa M, Yamauchi K. 2021. Olive leaf extract prevents obesity, cognitive decline, and depression and improves exercise capacity in mice. Sci Rep. 11(1):12495–12495.
  • Miyake MM, Bleier BS. 2015. The blood-brain barrier and nasal drug delivery to the central nervous system. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 29(2):124–127.
  • Mkc A, Ccp B, Rsm A, Ndz A, Smh A, Clh A. 2019. Geniposide ameliorated fluoxetine-suppressed neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells. Life Sci. 226:1–11.
  • Moreau JL, Bos M, Jenck F, Martin JR, Mortas P, Wichmann J. 1996. 5HT2C receptor agonists exhibit antidepressant-like properties in the anhedonia model of depression in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 6(3):169–175.
  • Müller LG, Borsoi M, Stolz ED, Herzfeldt V, Viana AF, Ravazzolo AP, Rates SMK. 2015. Diene valepotriates from Valeriana glechomifolia prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness and depressive-like behavior in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015:145914–145912.
  • Mueller N. 2010. COX-2 inhibitors as antidepressants and antipsychotics: clinical evidence. Curr Opin Invest Dr. 11(1):31–42.
  • Nathia-Neves G, Tarone AG, Tosi MM, Marostica Junior MR, Meireles MAA. 2017. Extraction of bioactive compounds from genipap (Genipa americana L.) by pressurized ethanol: iridoids, phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Food Res Int. 102:595–604.
  • Nemeroff CB. 2007. The burden of severe depression: a review of diagnostic challenges and treatment alternatives. J Psychiatr Res. 41(3–4):189–206.
  • Nie F, Xu A. 2021. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances the therapeutic effect of oleuropein in the lipopolysaccharide-induced models of depression. Folia Neuropathol. 59(3):249–262.
  • Ogren SO, Eriksson TM, Elvander-Tottie E, D’Addario C, Ekstrom JC, Svenningsson P, Meister B, Kehr J, Stiedl O. 2008. The role of 5-HT1A receptors in learning and memory. Behav Brain Res. 195(1):54–77.
  • Omar SH. 2010. Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects. Sci Pharm. 78(2):133–154.
  • Ono M, Ueno M, Masuoka C, Ikeda T, Nohara T. 2005. Iridoid glucosides from the fruit of Genipa americana. Chem Pharm Bull. 53(10):1342–1344.
  • Öztürk N, Korkmaz S, Öztürk Y, Başer K. 2006. Effects of gentiopicroside, sweroside and swertiamarine, secoiridoids from gentian (Gentiana lutea ssp symphyandra), on cultured chicken embryonic fibroblasts. Planta Med. 72(04):289–294.
  • Pan C, Xia C, Yan Y, Han Y, Shi R, He J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang W, Xu J. 2021. Loganin ameliorates depression-like behaviors of mice via modulation of serotoninergic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 238(11):3063–3070.
  • Papalexandrou A, Magiatis P, Perdetzoglou D, Skaltsounis AL, Chinou IB, Harvala C. 2003. Iridoids from Scabiosa variifolia (Dipsacaceae) growing in Greece. Biochem Syst Ecol. 31(1):91–93.
  • Park H, Poo M. 2013. Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 14(1):7–23.
  • Parker G, Fletcher K, Paterson A, Anderson J, Hong M. 2014. Gender differences in depression severity and symptoms across depressive sub-types. J Affect Disord. 167:351–357.
  • Peng C, Huang C, Hsu S, Wang C. 2006. Penta-acetyl geniposide induce apoptosis in C6 glioma cells by modulating the activation of neutral sphingomyelinase-induced p75 nerve growth factor receptor and protein kinase Cδ pathway. Mol Pharmacol. 70(3):997–1004.
  • Penninx BWJH, Nolen WA, Lamers F, Zitman FG, Smit JH, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P, de Jong PJ, van Marwijk HWJ, van der Meer K, et al. 2011. Two-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders: results from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety (NESDA). J Affect Disord. 133(1–2):76–85.
  • Qu K, Zhao L, Luo X, Zhang C, Hou P, Bi K, Chen X. 2014. An LC-MS method for simultaneous determination of five iridoids from Zhi-Zi-Chi Decoction in rat brain microdialysates and tissue homogenates: towards an in depth study for its antidepressive activity. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 965:206–215.
  • Rajabi M, Mohaddes G, Farajdokht F, Rad SN, Mesgari M, Babri S. 2018. Impact of loganin on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in male diabetic rats. Physiol Int. 105(3):199–209.
  • Rousseau G. 2000. Depression’s forgotten genealogy: notes towards a history of depression. Hist Psychiatry. 11(41 Pt 1):71–106.
  • Sah SP, Mathela CS, Chopra K. 2011. Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) signalling pathway in the antidepressant activity of essential oil of Valeriana wallichii Patchouli alcohol chemotype. Phytomedicine. 18(14):1269–1275.
  • Sandberg JC, Bjorck IME, Nilsson AC. 2018. Increased plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor 10.5 h after intake of whole grain rye-based products in healthy subjects. Nutrients. 10(8):1097–1097.
  • Schildkraut JJ, Gordon EK, Durell J. 1965. Catecholamine metabolism in affective disorders: I.: normetanephrine and VMA excretion in depressed patients treated with imipramine. J Psychiatr Res. 3(4):213–228.
  • Sertic M, Crkvencic M, Mornar A, Pilepić KH, Maleš Ž. 2015. Analysis of aucubin and catalpol content in different plant parts of four Globularia species. J Appl Bot Food Qual. 88:209–214.
  • Shan M, Yu S, Yan H, Guo S, Xiao W, Wang Z, Zhang L, Ding A, Wu Q, Li SFY. 2017. A review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of geniposide, a natural product. Molecules. 22(10):1689–1689.
  • Skånland SS, Cieślar-Pobuda A. 2019. Off-label uses of drugs for depression. Eur J Pharmacol. 865:172732–172732.
  • Smith RS. 1991. The macrophage theory of depression. Med Hypotheses. 35(4):298–306.
  • Sonawane RD, Deore VB, Patil SD, Patil CR, Surana SJ, Goyal RK. 2015. Role of 5-HT2 receptors in diabetes: swertiamarin seco-iridoid glycoside might be a possible 5-HT2 receptor modulator. Physiol Behav. 144:66–72.
  • Song L, Wu X, Wang J, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Gong M, Wang Y, Li B. 2021. Antidepressant effect of catalpol on corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior involves the inhibition of HPA axis hyperactivity, central inflammation and oxidative damage probably via dual regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2. Brain Res Bull. 177:81–91.
  • Stefani M, Rigacci S. 2014. Beneficial properties of natural phenols: highlight on protection against pathological conditions associated with amyloid aggregation. Biofactors. 40(5):482–493.
  • Stein D, Palk AC, Kendler K. 2021. What is a mental disorder? An exemplar-focused approach. Psychol Med. 51(6):894–901.
  • Stetler C, Miller G. 2011. Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: a quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosom Med. 73(2):114–126.
  • Sun B, Jia X, Yang F, Ren G, Wu X. 2021. CREB-mediated generation and neuronal growth regulates the behavioral improvement of geniposide in diabetes-associated depression mouse model. Neurosci Res. 165:38–44.
  • Sun L, Zhang W, Ye R, Liu L, Jiang L, Xi C. 2021. Catalpol enhanced physical exercise-mediated brain functional improvement in post-traumatic stress disorder model via promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Aging. 13(14):18689–18700.
  • Suomi J, Sirén H, Hartonen K, Riekkola M-L. 2000. Extraction of iridoid glycosides and their determination by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 868(1):73–83.
  • Tang YP, Liu X, Yu B. 2002. Iridoids from the rhizomes and roots of Valeriana jatamansi. J Nat Prod. 65(12):1949–1952.
  • Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B, Guyonnet D, Legrain-Raspaud S, Trotin B, Naliboff B, et al. 2013. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology. 144(7):1394–1401.
  • Uher R, Tansey KE, Dew T, Maier W, Mors O, Hauser J, Dernovsek MZ, Henigsberg N, Souery D, Farmer A, et al. 2014. An inflammatory biomarker as a differential predictor of outcome of depression treatment with escitalopram and nortriptyline. Am J Psychiatry. 171(12):1278–1286.
  • Varghese SP, Florentin OD, Koola MM. 2021. Role of spirituality in the management of major depression and stress-related disorders. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 5:2470547020971232–2470547020971232.
  • Wan G, Jiang R, Zhu H. 2019. Progress in studies of catalpol prevention of inflamation diseases. Mod Med Heal. 35(3):3–3. Chinese.
  • Wan H. 2017. Effect of Longdan Xiegan Decoction in treatment of herpes zoster combined with depression. Chin J Mod Med. 27:103–106.
  • Wang F, Cao J, Hao J, Liu K. 2014. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and tissue distribution of geniposide following intravenous and peroral administration to rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 35(2):97–103.
  • Wang J, Chen R, Liu C, Wu X, Zhang Y. 2021. Antidepressant mechanism of catalpol: involvement of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in rat hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol. 909:174396–174396.
  • Wang J, Cui Y, Feng W, Zhang Y, Wang G, Wang X, Zhou G. 2014. Involvement of the central monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of catalpol in mice. Biosci Trends. 8(5):248–252.
  • Wang J, Duan P, Cui Y, Li Q, Shi Y. 2016. Geniposide alleviates depression-like behavior via enhancing BDNF expression in hippocampus of streptozotocin-evoked mice. Metab Brain Dis. 31(5):1113–1122.
  • Wang J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Niu C, Cui Y, Feng W, Wang G. 2015. BDNF and COX-2 participate in anti-depressive mechanisms of catalpol in rats undergoing chronic unpredictable mild stress. Physiol Behav. 151:360–368.
  • Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Sun S, Zhong Y, Han L, Xu Y, Wan D, Zhang J, Zhu H. 2022. Feasibility of catalpol intranasal administration and its protective effect on acute cerebral ischemia in rats via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Drug Des Devel Ther. 16:279–296.
  • Wang L, Sun Y, Zhao T, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhang L, Wu L, Zhang L, Zhang T, Wei G, et al. 2020. Antidepressant effects and mechanisms of the total iridoids of Valeriana jatamansi on the brain-gut axis. Planta Med. 86(3):172–179.
  • Wang M, Yang L, Chen Z, Dai L, Xi C, Wu X, Wu G, Wang Y, Hu J. 2021. Geniposide ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depression-like behavior through inhibition of ceramide-PP2A signaling via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 beta axis. Psychopharmacology. 238(10):2789–2800.
  • Wang X, Feng S, Wang Y, Zhang N, Wang Z, Zhang Y. 2022. Canonical Chinese medicine formula Danzhi-Xiaoyao-San for treating depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 287:114960–114960.
  • Wang X, Song D, Tao T, He T, Wu X, Li X, Liu X. 2021. Qi-regulating and blood circulation-promoting therapy improves health status of stable angina pectoris patients with depressive symptoms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021:1–12.
  • Wang X, Wu Y, Li J, Wang A, Li G, Ren X, Yin W. 2020. Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of echinacoside and oleuropein from Syringa pubescens Turcz. Ind Crop Prod. 151:112442–112442.
  • Wang Y, Liao D, Qin M, Xe L. 2016. Simultaneous determination of catalpol, aucubin, and geniposidic acid in different developmental stages of Rehmannia glutinosa leaves by high performance liquid chromatography. J Anal Methods Chem. 2016:1–6.
  • Wang YL, Wu HR, Zhang SS, Xiao HL, Yu J, Ma YY, Zhang YD, Liu Q. 2021. Catalpol ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice via oxidative stress-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and neuroinflammation. Transl Psychiatry. 11(1):353.
  • Wei X. 2020. Efficacy of morroniside on depression-like behavior and neuroinflammation of depression model rats. Clin J Chin Med. 12:3–3.
  • Wells KB, Burnam MA, Rogers W, Hays R, Camp P. 1992. The course of depression in adult outpatients. Results from the medical outcomes study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49(10):788–794.
  • Whooley MA, Wong JM. 2013. Depression and cardiovascular disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 9:327–354.
  • Won E, Kim Y. 2016. Stress, the autonomic nervous system, and the immune-kynurenine pathway in the etiology of depression. Curr Neuropharmacol. 14(7):665–673.
  • Wong ML, Licinio J. 2001. Research and treatment approaches to depression. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2(5):343–351.
  • Wu A, Ye X, Huang Q, Dai W, Zhang J. 2017. Anti-epileptic effects of valepotriate isolated from Valeriana jatamansi Jones and its possible mechanisms. Pharmacogn Mag. 13(51):512–516.
  • Wu S, Ning Y, Zhao Y, Sun W, Thorimbert S, Dechoux L, Sollogoub M, Zhang Y. 2017. Research progress of natural product gentiopicroside-a secoiridoid compound. Mini Rev Med Chem. 17(1):62–77.
  • Wu X, Wang J, Song L, Guan Y, Cao C, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Liu C. 2021. Catalpol weakens depressive-like behavior in mice with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia via PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Neuroscience. 473:102–118.
  • Xia C-Y, Chu S-F, Zhang S, Gao Y, Ren Q, Lou Y-X, Luo P, Tian M-T, Wang Z-Q, Du G-H, et al. 2017. Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates corticosterone-induced dysfunction of gap junctions in astrocytes. J Ethnopharmacol. 208:207–213.
  • Xia CY, Xu JK, Li L, Lian WW, Yan Y, Ma BZ, He J, Zhang WK. 2021. Identifying the mechanism underlying antidepressant-like effects of loganin by network pharmacology in combination with experimental validation. J Ethnopharmacol. 281:114526.
  • Xian Y-F, Ip S-P, Li H-Q, Qu C, Su Z-R, Chen J-N, Lin Z-X. 2019. Isorhynchophylline exerts antidepressant-like effects in mice via modulating neuroinflammation and neurotrophins: involvement of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 beta signaling pathway. Faseb J. 33(9):10393–10408.
  • Xu G, Li H, He J, Feng E, Shi P, Liu Y, Liu C. 2013. Comparative pharmacokinetics of swertiamarin in rats after oral administration of swertiamarin alone, Qing Ye Dan tablets and co-administration of swertiamarin and oleanolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 149(1):49–54.
  • Xue B, Ma B, Zhang Q, Li X, Zhu J, Liu M, Wu X, Wang C, Wu Z. 2015. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of aucubin, ajugol and catalpol in rats using a validated simultaneous LC-ESI-MS/MS assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 1002:245–253.
  • Yamamoto H, Katano N, Ooi A, Inoue K. 1999. Transformation of loganin and 7-deoxyloganin into secologanin by Lonicera japonica cell suspension cultures. Phytochemistry. 50(3):417–422.
  • Yang D, Li J, Liang C, Tian L, Shi C, Hui N, Liu Y, Ling M, Xin L, Wan M, et al. 2021. Syringa microphylla Diels: a comprehensive review of its phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological characteristics and an investigation into its potential health benefits. Phytomedicine. 93:153770–153770.
  • Yao A, Ma F, Zhang L, Feng F. 2013. Effect of aqueous extract and fractions of Zhi-Zi-Hou-Pu decoction against depression in inescapable stressed mice: restoration of monoamine neurotransmitters in discrete brain regions. Pharm Biol. 51(2):213–220.
  • Yao T, Cui Q, Liu Z, Wang C, Zhang Q, Wang G. 2019. Metabolomic evidence for the therapeutic effect of gentiopicroside in a corticosterone-induced model of depression. Biomed Pharmacother. 120:109549–109549.
  • Ye D, Zhang L, Fan W, Zhang X, Dong E. 2018. Genipin normalizes depression-like behavior induced by prenatal stress through inhibiting DNMT1. Epigenetics. 13(3):310–317.
  • Yu M, Jia H, Zhou C, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Yang M, Zou Z. 2017. Variations in gut microbiota and fecal metabolic phenotype associated with depression by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC/MS-based metabolomics. J Pharmaceut Biomed. 138:231–239.
  • Yuan L, Qu Y, Li Q, An T, Chen Z, Chen Y, Deng X, Bai D. 2020. Protective effect of astaxanthin against La2O3 nanoparticles induced neurotoxicity by activating PI3K/AKT/Nrf-2 signaling in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 144:111582.
  • Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Riggs LM, Highland JN, Georgiou P, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX, Thomas CJ, Zarate CA, Jr., et al. 2018. Ketamine and ketamine metabolite pharmacology: insights into therapeutic mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev. 70(3):621–660.
  • Zhang B, Chang H, Hu K, Yu X, Li L, Xu X. 2021. Combination of geniposide and eleutheroside B exerts antidepressant-like effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced depression mice model. Chin J Integr Med. 27(7):534–541.
  • Zhang C, Ma X, Zhu C, Chen Z, Li W, Zhao X, He S, Du H. 2020. Content analysis of two chemical compositions in different parts of cultivated and wild Centranthera grandiflora. Guihaia. 40:673–679.
  • Zhang H, Xue W, Wu R, Gong T, Tao W, Zhou X, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Cui Y, et al. 2015. Rapid antidepressant activity of ethanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is associated with upregulation of BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Evid-Based Compl Alt. 2015:1–8.
  • Zhang L, Wang L, Huang L, Zhao Y, Ding H, Li B, Wen L, Xiong W, Liu Y, Zhang T, et al. 2021. Antidepressant effects of total iridoids of Valeriana jatamansi via the intestinal flora-blood-brain barrier pathway. Pharm Biol. 59(1):912–921.
  • Zhang L, Zhang J, You Z. 2018. Switching of the microglial activation phenotype is a possible treatment for depression disorder. Front Cell Neurosci. 12:306–306.
  • Zhang W, Wang H, Lv Y, Liu C, Sun W, Tian L. 2018. Downregulation of Egr-1 expression level via GluN2B underlies the antidepressant effects of ketamine in a chronic unpredictable stress animal model of depression. Neuroscience. 372:38–45.
  • Zhang Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Shen X, Wu T, Zhang T, Wang W, Wang Y, Jiang C. 2015. NLRP3 inflammasome mediates chronic mild stress-induced depression in mice via neuroinflammation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 18(8):pyv006–pyv006.
  • Zhao G, Yin Z, Dong J. 2009. Antiviral efficacy against hepatitis B virus replication of oleuropein isolated from Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum. J Ethnopharmacol. 125(2):265–268.
  • Zhao Y, Li H, Fang F, Qin T, Xiao W, Wang Z, Ma S. 2018. Geniposide improves repeated restraint stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice by ameliorating neuronal apoptosis via regulating GLP-1R/AKT signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett. 676:19–26.
  • Zheng M, Li K, Chen T, Liu S, He L. 2021. Geniposide protects depression through BTK/JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive mice. Brain Res Bull. 170:65–73.
  • Zhou D, Lv D, Zhang H, Cheng T, Wang H, Lin P, Shi S, Chen S, Shen J. 2021. Quantitative analysis of the profiles of twelve major compounds in Gentiana straminea Maxim. roots by LC-MS/MS in an extensive germplasm survey in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. J Ethnopharmacol. 280:114068–114068.
  • Zhou J, Xiong Z. 2011. Effects and mechanism of picrosideII on rats with chronic stress depression. Her Med. 30:1549–1551.
  • Zhou N, Dai R, Lin Q. 2009. A new target for depression treatment: COX-2. J Psychiatry. 22:153–157.
  • Zrzavy T, Höftberger R, Berger T, Rauschka H, Butovsky O, Weiner H, Lassmann H. 2019. Pro-inflammatory activation of microglia in the brain of patients with sepsis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 45(3):278–290.