The Impact of Middle Managers on Employees’ Responses to a Merger: An LMX and Appraisal Theory Approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model.

Table 1. Results model comparisons with CFA to test measurement model.

Models	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	χ^2	df	Δχ^2	Δdf	p
Model 1. 8 factors (baseline model)	.932	.922	0.061	834	377
Model 2. 7 factors	.914	.902	0.068	967	384	133	7	.000
Model 3. 6 factors	.880	.866	0.080	1200	390	366	13	.000
Model 4. 5 factors	.854	.839	0.088	1384	395	549	18	.000
Model 5. 4 factors	.829	.813	0.094	1556	399	721	22	.000
Model 6. 1 factor	.533	.498	0.155	3561	405	2727	28	.000

Note. All models are tested against baseline model.

Model 2: trust and cynicism (r = .67) as one factor.

Model 3: trust, cynicism and information (respectively r = −.64 and r = .65) as one factor.

Model 4: as model 3 with resistance and uncertainty (r = .62) as one factor.

Model 5: as model 4 with control and participation (r = . 52) added as one factor.

Model 6: one factor model.

Table 2. Means, standard deviations, intercorrelations, and reliability estimates (Cronbach’s alpha).

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1 LMX	3.52	.90	(.94)
2 Information	2.87	.82	.36	(.90)
3 Participation	2.23	.87	.31	.57	(.87)
4 Trust	3.47	.68	.32	.66	.35	(.87)
5 Cynicism	2.57	.70	−.30	−.64	−.40	−.67	(.84)
6 Uncertainty	2.55	.82	−.22	−.38	−.24	−.43	.47	(.81)
7 Control	3.00	.82	.41	.46	.52	.41	−.45	−.45	(.82)
8 Resistance to change	2.40	.65	−.26	−.50	−.29	−.63	.61	.62	−.46	(.89)

Note: N = 326; for all correlations p < .001

Table 3. Outcomes multi-group analysis.

Model constraints	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	χ^2	df	Δχ^2	Δdf	p
Model 1. Unconstrained	.978	.912	.105	39.01	14
Model 2. Constrained regression weights	.965	.931	.093	67.35	28	28.34	14	.013
Model 3. Model 2 plus constrained intercepts	.938	.903	.110	106.72	36	39.37	8	.000
Model 4. Model 3 plus constrained covariances	.939	.920	.100	112.79	43	6.07	7	.532
Model 5. Model 4 plus constrained residuals	.937	.931	.093	122.68	51	9.89	8	.273

Note. Models were tested hierarchically: each model was tested against the less restricted one placed one row above it.

Table 4. Estimated regression coefficients(β) and explained variance for each variable from the structural model for the full sample.

	Dependent variables
	Information	Participation	Trust	Cynicism	Uncertainty	Control	Resistance
LMX	.32***	.28***
Information			.56***	−.52***	−.36***^b	.26**^a
Participation			−.03	−.01	−.04	.34***
Trust							−.29***
Cynicism							.20***
Uncertainty							.28***
Control							−.09*
R^2	.128	.097	.430	.416	.142	.310	.576

Note: N = 326; ^aCompany A: β = .13, p = .095; Company B: β = .35, p < .001; ^bCompany A: β = −.17, p = .058; Company B: β = −.52, p < .001; * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.