Educational interactions, student experience and the remote learning environment during the Covid-19 lockdown

Figures & data

Figure 1. Theoretical underpinning.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

		N		Mean		Median		SD
Q23 Overall learning experience		354		3.32		3.00		1.613
Q3 Physical classroom learning exp.		343		2.12		2		0.985
Q4 Online classroom learning experience		341		3.83		3		1.715
Q5 Rapport with lecturer – physical		334		2.08		2.00		0.930
Q6 Rapport with lecturer – online		327		3.24		3		1.600
Q8 Interaction with fellow students – physical		321		1.96		2		1.086
Q9 Interaction with fellow students – online		318		4.57		5.00		1.822
Q24Engagement with class materials – physical		312		2.17		2.00		1.101
Q25Engagement with class materials – online		307		3.46		3		1.824
Q10 Education technology – physical		306		2.21		2.00		1.059
Q7 Education technology – online		302		2.91		2.00		1.566
Q14 Internet – home		299		3.05		2		1.862
Q11Furniture – home		298		3.00		2.00		1.856
Q12Ambience – home		297		3.69		3		1.936
Q13 Physical environment – home		295		2.73		2		1.606

Table 2. Correlation Matrix: Learning experience and the home situation.

		Q23		Q3	Q4		Q14		Q11		Q12		Q13
Q23	Spearman’s rho	—
	p-value	—
Q3	Spearman’s rho	0.092		—
	p-value	0.090		—
Q4	Spearman’s rho	0.777	***	0.010	—
	p-value	<.001		0.859	—
Q14	Spearman’s rho	0.232	***	−0.033	0.276	***	—
	p-value	<.001		0.569	<.001		—
Q11	Spearman’s rho	0.247	***	−0.049	0.291	***	0.487	***	—
	p-value	<.001		0.399	<.001		<.001		—
Q12	Spearman’s rho	0.352	***	−0.054	0.446	***	0.491	***	0.625	***	—
	p-value	<.001		0.354	<.001		<.001		<.001		—
Q13	Spearman’s rho	0.242	***	0.023	0.311	***	0.482	***	0.594	***	0.644	***	—
	p-value	<.001		0.690	<.001		<.001		<.001		<.001		—

Note. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.

Q23 Overall learning experience; Q3 Physical classroom learning experience; Q4 Online classroom learning experience; Q14 Internet – home; Q11 Furniture – home; Q12 Ambience – home; Q13 Physical environment – home.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics by course level.

	Q29	N	Mean	Median	SD
Q23	Masters	54	3.04	2.50	1.578
Overall learning experience	Bachelors	232	3.36	3.00	1.619
Q3	Masters	54	2.04	2.00	1.063
Physical classroom learning experience	Bachelors	232	2.07	2.00	0.916
Q4	Masters	54	3.26	3.00	1.568
Online classroom learning experience	Bachelors	232	3.96	4.00	1.759
Q14	Masters	54	2.37	2.00	1.594
Internet – home	Bachelors	232	3.23	3.00	1.874
Q11	Masters	54	2.98	2.50	1.608
Furniture – home	Bachelors	232	3.02	2.00	1.905
Q12	Masters	54	3.02	3.00	1.654
Ambience – home	Bachelors	232	3.87	3.00	1.970
Q13	Masters	54	2.39	2.00	1.036
Physical environment – home	Bachelors	232	2.83	2.00	1.686

Table 4. Independent samples – masters and bachelors.

		Statistic	p	Hypothesis
Q23 Overall learning experience	Mann-Whitney U	5419	0.055
Q3 Physical classroom learning experience	Mann-Whitney U	5928	0.250
Q4 Online classroom learning experience	Mann-Whitney U	4785	0.003	H3e supported
Q14 Internet – home	Mann-Whitney U	4485	<.001	H3a supported
Q11Furniture – home	Mann-Whitney U	5970	0.710	H3b not supported
Q12 Ambience – home	Mann-Whitney U	4788	0.003	H3c supported
Q13 Physical environment – home	Mann-Whitney U	5824	0.202	H3d not supported

Note. Hₐ μ _Masters < μ _Bachelors.

Table 5. Linear regression (Dependent variable Q4: Online classroom learning experience).

Model Fit Measures
Model	R	R^2
1	0.157	0.0248
2	0.189	0.0355
3	0.435	0.1894
4	0.795	0.6322
Model Comparisons
Comparison
Model	Model	ΔR^2	F	df1	df2	p
1	2	0.0107	3.12	1	280	0.078
2	3	0.1539	52.97	1	279	<.001
3	4	0.4427	334.6	1	278	<.001
Model Coefficients
Predictor	Estimate		SE		t	p
Intercept	0.3762		0.3856		0.976	0.33
Q22 Gender	0.0427		0.128		0.334	0.739
Q18 Age-group	−0.06		0.0503		−1.193	0.234
Physical Classroom	−0.041		0.0829		−0.495	0.621
Home Environment	0.0499		0.0484		1.031	0.304
Online Classroom	0.9589		0.0524		18.292	<.001

Table

Id. No.	Question Text	Response categories
Q23	My overall learning experience last semester was satisfactory	Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Neither agree nor disagree Somewhat disagree Disagree Strongly disagree
Q3	My learning experience in the physical classroom was satisfactory	Ditto
Q4	My learning experience in the online classroom was satisfactory	Ditto
Q5	In the physical classroom the rapport with the lecturer was satisfactory	Ditto
Q6	In the online classroom the rapport with the lecturer was satisfactory	Ditto
Q8	In the physical classroom interaction with fellow students was satisfactory	Ditto
Q9	In the online classroom interaction with fellow students was satisfactory	Ditto
Q24	In the physical classroom my engagement with class materials (e.g. slides, readings, case studies) was satisfactory	Ditto
Q25	In the online classroom my engagement with class materials (e.g. slides, readings, case studies) was satisfactory	Ditto
Q10	Education technology used in the physical classroom was satisfactory	Ditto
Q7	Education technology used in the online classroom was satisfactory	Ditto
Q14	Connection to the internet from my home was satisfactory for learning	Ditto
Q11	The furniture in my home (e.g. desk, chair, shelf-space) was satisfactory for learning	Ditto
Q12	The ambience in my home (e.g. noise, distraction, disturbance) was satisfactory for learning	Ditto
Q13	The environment in my home (e.g. light, ventilation, heating) was satisfactory for learning	Ditto
Q15	What proportion of your class meetings were held online last semester?	All Almost all Most Around 50% Some Very few None
Q26	What proportion of your online classes were pre-recorded?	Ditto
Q27	What proportion of your online classes were transmitted live?	Ditto
Q16	To what extent did your online learning experience benefit from the physical classroom experience earlier in the semester?	An enormous amount A great deal A lot A moderate amount A little None at all There was no physical classroom experience prior to online classes
Q29	At what level are you studying?	Masters Bachelors
Q30	What is your year of study? (Note: only answered if ‘Bachelors’ selected for Q29)	First Final Other (please specify year of study)
Q17	How many courses (modules) did you take last semester?	1 2 3 4 5 6 more than 6
Q18	What is your age?	Under 20 20–24 25–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60 or older
Q19	In what field are you studying?	Arts & Humanities Business Computing Education Engineering Law Medicine Nursing Science Other (please specify)
Q20	In what country is your university or college physically located?	France Germany Ireland Italy Spain UK USA Other (please specify)
Q21	In which university do you study? (Note: only answered if ‘Ireland’ selected for Q20)	University name Other
Q22	What gender are you?	Male Female