The potential impacts of digital technologies on co-production and co-creation

Figures & data

Table 1. Potential positive and negative impacts of digital technologies on co-production/co-creation.

	Sensing	Communication	Processing	Actuation
Interaction	Increases interaction where deliberate inputs by citizens are necessary Diminishes the perceived need for interaction with citizens	Allows swifter and broader exchange of information Digital interaction diminishes physical interaction	Allows a more effective selection of specific target groups to interact with or manipulate through nudging	Increases human-to-machine interaction Reduces human-to-human interaction or cuts out human interaction altogether
Motivation	Allows a level of personalization of services that increases motivation Diminishes motivation through fear of surveillance and Information overload	Increases motivation by lower threshold, better evidence and more entertainment Decreases motivation by crowding out intrinsic motives and threatening privacy	With the aid of communication technology, increases personalisation and thus motivation With the aid of communication technology, enables more effective nudging that decreases the will to co-produce	Increases motivation as new opportunities for co-production emerge Decreases motivation as automation leads to disengagement with the service process
Resources	Generates data that can be used to increase the quality and scope of co-production/co-creation	Allows the mobilization of resources from citizens on a far wider scale Enables hidden privatization	Generates new resources, which can be used for increasing or decreasing interaction, motivation and shared decision-making	Lowers the time and effort needed to co-produce Increases need for technical skills and strengthens existing inequalities
Decision-making	Data from sensing allows citizens to become part of the decision-making process Data from sensing allow data owners to exclude citizens from decision-making	Empowers citizens through a more open process and improved knowledge Diminishes the need for shared decision-making, by allowing governments to manipulate and citizens to self-organise more effectively	With the aid of communication technology, supports a more shared decision-making process With the aid of actuation technology, supports both more open and more closed types of decision-making	Control can be decentralized through adaptive decision-making Control can be centralized, making programmed decisions without any direct input from citizens