Blockchain-driven digital nomadism in the Basque e-Diaspora

Figures & data

Table 1. Transition from the Basque Global Network to HanHemen.

Factors	Basque Global Network	HanHemen
Website	www.basqueglobalnetwork.eus	https://hanhemen.eus/en/
Period	2011–2021	2021<
Paradigm	Hyperconnected diasporas	e-Diasporas
Enabled by	Territorially rooted communities	Digital nomadism
Physical mobility	Low	High
Data migration	Weak	Intensive
Governance approach (Calzada, 2021c)	Top-down	Bottom-up
Push	Institutions	Grassroots
Focus	Institutional self-promotion	Peer-to-peer co-production
Agents	Institutions	Diasporic citizens
Institutional approach	Inward-looking	Outward-looking
Ownership of data	GAFAM	Data subjects
Privacy of data (GDPR)	Not protected	Protected
Orientation	Unidirectional	Multidirectional
Network Governance	Centralized	Decentralized
End-users	Data providers	Decision makers
Authentication/Digital ID	Third parties	Digital sovereign identity
Data flows	Data extractivism	Data sovereignty
Implementation methodology	Consultancy	Action Research
Design approach	Canvas	Prototyping
Communication	Propaganda	Dialogue
Content	Information	Experience
Foreign policy paradiplomatic practice	At the latest stage of the process only	From the beginning of the process
Paradiplomatic engagement by	Public institutions	Civil society
Global approach	Particularism: institutional interest	Universalism: promotion of democracy and human rights
Rationale	Status quo	Change
Action driven by	Policy advocacy	Social entrepreneurship
Multistakeholder Policy Framework (Calzada & Cowie, 2017)	Triple/Quadruple Helixes	Penta Helix
Scale	Macro	Meso-Micro
Structures	Hierarchy	Networks
Data architecture	Commercial social media platforms	Blockchain-driven data interactions
Digital infrastructure	2.0 (Social media)	3.0 (DAOs/Data co-operatives)

Table 2. Action research fieldwork design^a.

Duration	Functions	Methodological Sequential Steps	Timeframe	Tasks
9 Months	Transition	Design (2021)	1/4/2021-31/12/2021	Inventarium of BGN and rebranding with HanHemen (HH)
				Internal team facilitation: Diagnosis + focus groups
				External team recruitment: Blockchain developers + Communication experts
6 Months	Implementation	Implementation (2022)	1/1/2022-30/6/2022	Online Survey Design + Operationalization: Sample: BGN + HH potential end-users identification. N = 1,385 Questionnaire design Pre-test Emailing: N = 1,385 Data collection: n = 419 respondents Response-rate: 30.25% Outcome dissemination: Video displaying online survey results in open access https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = N9aNl6ylx2A
6 Months			1/7/2022-31/12/2022	Webinar Series: Fist Webinar. 5/7/2022: Presentation of Online Survey Results in hybrid event. Location: Homeland. Aretxabaleta (Basque Country– Spain) Link to the event: https://hanhemen.eus/euskal-komunitate-globala-diaspora-biziberritzeko-prest/ Second webinar. 5/11/2022: Enhancement of DAO community through hybrid event with Basque diasporic community in Kern County Basque Club (KCBC) sponsored by Fulbright Scholar-In-Residence Programme, US-UK Fulbright Commission, California State University, Bakersfield. Location: Diaspora. Bakersfield (California – USA) Link: https://wiserd.ac.uk/news/dr-igor-calzada-successfully-culminates-his-role-as-fulbright-scholar-in-residence-in-california/
2 Years		Monitoring (2023)	1/1/2023-31/12/2023	Blockchain-driven Digital ID development: Soft: 2.0 identity by compiling with GDPR data privacy protection and digital rights through privacy wallet (Mahula et al., 2021). Link to the Call for the Early Adopters events (25/04/2023–19/12/2023): https://preview.mailerlite.com/p7a2k6k8t0 Link to the Beta version prototype of privacy wallet to be used in coproduction sessions with Early Adopters in April and December2023: https://xd.adobe.com/view/9358fb5f-b8bf-4575-a69b-1c2044fe81b0-c60b/screen/a4020027-80ee-4cd7-8016-f647fa942bde/ Prototyping session: https://app.preely.com/test/TH02uCz7mqRzFCQrGag8cEAaNjaeYW
		Evaluation (2024)	1/1/2024-31/12/2024	Blockchain-driven Digital ID development: Hard: Blockchain-driven DAO identity to build DAO community based on BakQ digital identity/certificate issued by the Basque Government through the new Diaspora Law that will be released in 2024 that legitimize the establishment of a digital identity for diasporic/digital Basque citizens overseas.

^a The abbreviations BGN and HH have been utilized for Basque Global Network and HanHemen respectively. These abbreviations will continue to be used throughout the article to enhance readability.

Figure 1. HH online survey respondents’ distribution in 28 countries.

Calzada, I. (2021c). Smart city citizenship. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-815300-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-02973-7

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Mahula, S., Tan, E., & Crompvoets, J. (2021). With blockchain or not? Opportunities and challenges of self-sovereign identity implementation in public administration: Lessons from the Belgian case. DG.O2021: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research Omaha, NE, USA 2021. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3463677.3463705

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