The effects of strength training upon front foot contact ground reaction forces and ball release speed among high-level cricket pace bowlers

Figures & data

Table 1. The relative pre- and post-testing (mean ± standard deviation) and difference (mean difference ± 95% confidence limits [CL]) results for double-leg drop landing (DLDL), single-leg drop landing (SLDL), countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), in cricket pace bowlers (n = 10).

Variable	Pre-testing	Post-testing	Difference (mean ± 95% CL)	p	g	Descriptor
DLDL
PF (BW)	2.71 ± 0.36	2.20 ± 0.10	−0.51 ± 0.25	< 0.01	1.85	Large
Front foot SLDL
PF (BW)	2.03 ± 0.14	1.74 ± 0.12	−0.29 ± 0.13	<0.01	2.13	Large
Back foot SLDL
PF (BW)	2.04 ± 0.27	1.73 ± 0.12	−0.32 ± 0.19	< 0.01	1.42	Large
CMJ
PP (BW· s)	4.86 ± 0.41	5.04 ± 0.39	0.20 ± 0.46	0.20	0.43	Small
IMTP
PF (BW)	3.14 ± 0.52	3.43 ± 0.39	0.29 ± 0.20	0.01	0.60	Medium

PF = peak force; PP = peak power; BW = body weight; BW· s = body weight per second; g = Hedges’ g effect size; p= p value. Significance set at p ≤ 0.01.

Figure 1. Displays the Hotellings T² trajectory SPM (T²). The T² statistic as a function of time, describing the strength and slope of the relationship between pre- and post-testing measures. The dotted horizontal line indicates the critical random field theory thresholds for significance of T² = 40.507 with a family wise error rate of α = 0.05. No portion of the trajectory exceeded the threshold therefore no follow-up tests were performed for scalar field analysis.

Figure 2. (a) The braking/propulsive GRF (GRFy;) and (b) vertical GRF (GRFz) pre- and post-training represented as the cross-participant mean trajectory with a standard deviation cloud. The pre-training is depicted with a black line and dark grey cloud while post-training is depicted using a dashed grey line with light grey cloud.

Table 2. Relative peak vertical force, braking force and vertical and braking impulse between pre- and post-testing (mean ± standard deviation) and difference (mean difference ± 95% confidence limits [CL]) during front foot contact in cricket pace bowlers (n = 10).

Variable	Pre-testing	Post-testing	Difference (mean ± 95% CL)	p	g	Descriptor
Peak Vertical Force (BW)
	6.26 ± 0.94	6.45 ± 1.07	0.19 ± 0.26	0.15	0.18	Trivial
Peak Braking Force (BW)
	−3.51 ± 0.90	−3.72 ± 0.72	−0.22 ± 0.53	0.38	0.25	Small
Vertical impulse (BW· s)
	0.29 ± 0.03	0.30 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.02	0.32	0.38	Small
Braking impulse (BW· s)
	−0.14 ± 0.03	−0.13 ± 0.02	−0.22 ± 0.06	0.58	0.38	Small

BW = body weight; BW· s = body weight per second; g = Hedges’ g effect size; p= p value; Significance set at p ≤ 0.01.

Table

Meso-cycle 1		Week 1					Week 2							Week 3				Week 4
Warm-up		Sets		Reps	Load		Sets		Reps			Load		Sets	Reps	Load		Sets		Reps		Load
Foam roller
Skipping				4 min					4 min						4 min					4 min
Back squat		1		12	20 kg		1		12			20 kg		1	12	20 kg		1		12		20 kg
Deadlift		1		12	20 kg		1		12			20 kg		1	12	20 kg		1		12		20 kg
Military press		1		12	8 kg		1		12			8 kg		1	12	8 kg		1		12		8 kg
Double leg AL S1		3		3	40 cm		3		4			50 cm		4	4	60 cm		3		4		60 cm
Double leg AL S2		3		4	40 cm		4		4			50 cm		4	5	60 cm		3		4		60 cm
Session 1		Sets		Reps	%		Sets		Reps			%		Sets	Reps	%		Sets		Reps		%
Back squat		4		8	65		4		6			75		4	6	80		3		6		75
DB lunge		3		6	65		4		6			75		5	4	80		3		4		75
Bench press		4		8	50		4		6			60		4	6	70		3		6		60
Prone row		4		8	50		4		6			60		4	6	70		3		6		60
RDL		4		8	65		4		6			75		4	6	80		3		6		75
Cable anti rotation + press		4		10	65		4		10			70		4	10	75		3		10		70
Session 2		Sets		Reps	%		Sets		Reps			%		Sets	Reps	%		Sets		Reps		%
Trap-bar deadlift		3		8	65		4		6			75		4	6	80		3		6		75
DB step-ups (40 cm)		3		6	65		4		6			75		5	4	80		3		4		75
DB shoulder press		4		8	50		4		6			60		4	6	70		3		6		60
Chin ups (prone)		4		8	50		4		6			60		4	6	70		3		60		60
Face pull														3	8	50		3		8		50
Hamstring curl		4		8	65		4		6			75		4	6	80		3		6		75
Cable twist		4		10	65		4		10			70		4	10	75		3		10		70
Meso-cycle 2	Week 5							Week 6					Week 7						Week 8
Warm-up	Sets		Reps			Load		Sets		Reps	Load		Sets		Reps		Load		Sets		Reps		Load
Foam roller
Skipping			4 min							4 min					4 min						4 min
Back squat	1		12			20 kg		1		12	20 kg		1		12		20 kg		1		12		20 kg
Deadlift	1		12			20 kg		1		12	20 kg		1		12		20 kg		1		12		20 kg
Military press	1		12			8 kg		1		12	8 kg		1		12		8 kg		1		12		8 kg
Single leg AL S1	2		3			20 cm		2		4	30 cm		3		3		40 cm		2		3		40 cm
Single leg AL S2	2		2			20 cm		2		3	30 cm		2		4		40 cm		2		2		40 cm
Session 1	Sets		Reps			%		Sets		Reps	%		Sets		Reps		%		Sets		Reps		%
Back squat	4		6			75		5		4	80		4		4		85		4		4		80
BB lunge	4		6			75		4		4	80		4		4		85		3		4		80
Bench press	4		6			60		4		6	65		4		8		70		3		4		65
Prone row	4		6			60		4		6	65		4		8		70		3		4		65
Nordic hamstring curl	4		6			B		4		6	BW		4		6		BW		3		6		BW
BB twist	4		8			75		4		8	75		4		6		80		3		6		75
Session 2	Sets		Reps			%		Sets		Reps	%		Sets		Reps		%		Sets		Reps		%
Jump squats	3		4			BW		3		4	10		4		4		10		3		4		10
Front squat	4		6			75		5		4	80		4		4		85		4		4		80
BB Shoulder press	4		6			60		4		6	70		5		4		75		3		4		65
Chin ups (prone)	4		6			60		4		6	70		5		4		75		3		4		65
Face pull	4		10			60		4		8	65		4		8		65		3		6		70
Hamstring curl	4		6			70		4		6	75		4		6		80		3		6		75
Cable lateral flexion	4		10			70		4		10	75		4		10		80		3		10		70

Load = set weight lifted; % = weight lifted as a percentage of estimated 1RM; AL = altitude landings; S1 = session one; S2 = session two; DB = dumbbell; RDL = Romanian deadlift; SL = single leg; BB = barbell; BW = body weight; B = Band assisted.