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Review

The role of serial cardiac biomarkers in prognostication and risk prediction of chronic heart failure: additional scientific insights with hemodynamic feedback

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Pages 97-109 | Received 18 Nov 2022, Accepted 03 Feb 2023, Published online: 15 Feb 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. Main pathological pathways involved in heart failure and a selection of associated biomarkers. NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro hormone BNP. BNP, Brain natriuretic peptide. MR-proANP, Mid-regional pro atrial natriuretic peptide. MR-proADM, Mid-regional proadrenomedullin. (hs)-TnT/TnI, (high sensitivity) – troponin T/I. MPO, myeloperoxidase. sST2, soluble suppression of tumorigenesis 2. GDF-15, Growth-differentiation factor 15. MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase. (hs)CRP, (high sensitivity) C-reactive protein. CA-125, Cancer antigen 125. NGAL, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.

Figure 1. Main pathological pathways involved in heart failure and a selection of associated biomarkers. NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro hormone BNP. BNP, Brain natriuretic peptide. MR-proANP, Mid-regional pro atrial natriuretic peptide. MR-proADM, Mid-regional proadrenomedullin. (hs)-TnT/TnI, (high sensitivity) – troponin T/I. MPO, myeloperoxidase. sST2, soluble suppression of tumorigenesis 2. GDF-15, Growth-differentiation factor 15. MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase. (hs)CRP, (high sensitivity) C-reactive protein. CA-125, Cancer antigen 125. NGAL, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.

Table 1. Neurohormonal activity pathway.

Table 2. Myocardial necrosis and remodeling pathways.

Table 3. Renal dysfunction pathway.

Table 4. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and ECM pathways.