Craving healthy foods?! How sensory appeals increase appetitive motivational processing of healthy foods in adolescents

Figures & data

Figure 1. Exemplars of Hedonic Visual Appeal manipulation: Left image presenting low Hedonic Appeals, right image presenting high Hedonic Appeals.

Table 1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) study 1.

			M (SE)
Main effects Hedonism	F(1,48)	η^2	Low Hedonic Visuals	High Hedonic Visuals
Negative affect	59.26***	.34	4.08 (.18)	2.81 (.14)
Attentional self-selection	104.77***	.28	7.42 (.09)	5.58 (.09)
Positive affect	72.32***	.44	3.96 (.15)	5.53 (.21)
Arousal	36.11***	.23	2.69 (.16)	3.56 (.24)
Main effects Palatability	F(1,48)	η^2	Low Visual Palatability	High Visual Palatability
Negative affect	ns		3.47 (.15)	3.41 (.14)
Attentional self-selection	5.06*	.01	6.67 (.07)	6.33 (.07)
Positive affect	ns		4.71 (.17)	4.78 (.15)
Arousal	ns		3.11 (.19)	3.15 (.18)
Interaction effects Hedonic Visuals × Visual Palatability Appeals on negative affect	F(1,48) 5.90**	η^2 .01	Low Visual Palatability M (SE)	High Visual Palatability M (SE)
Low Hedonic Visuals M (SE)			4.19 (.19)	3.95 (.17)
High Hedonic Visuals M (SE)			2.65 (.16)	2.76 (.17)

Note. ***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05.

Figure 2. Negative affect elicited by pronutritional messages using Visual Palatability and Hedonic Appeals.

Table 2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) study 2.

			M (SE)
Main effects Hedonism	F(2,163)	η^2	Low Hedonic Text	High Hedonic Text	No Text
FTA for foods	132.50***	.22	.085 (.002)	.123 (.004)	.152 (.005)
Food Recognition	3.14*	.01	.30 (.02)	.32 (.02)	.33 (.02)
Main effects Palatability	F(1,164)	η^2	Low Visual Palatability		High Visual Palatability
FTA for foods	169.63***	.12	.099 (.003)		.141 (.004)
Food recognition	23.34***	.03	.29 (.02)		.34 (.02)
Interaction effects Hedonic Text × Visual Palatability Appeals on FTA for foods	F(2,163) 54.87***	η^2 .07	Low Visual Palatability M (SE)		High Visual Palatability M (SE)
Low Hedonic/Utilitarian Text M (SE)			.082 (.003)		.087 (.003)
High Hedonic Text M (SE)			.082 (.003)		.163 (.005)
No Text M (SE)			.133 (.005)		.171 (.006)
Hedonic Text × Visual Palatability Appeals on food recognition	F(2,163) 4.24**	η^2 .01	Low Visual Palatability M (SE)		High Vsual Palatability M (SE)
Low Hedonic/Utilitarian Text M (SE)			.26 (.03)		.34 (.03)
High Hedonic Text M (SE)			.29 (.03)		.36 (.03)
No Text M (SE)			.33 (.03)		.33 (.03)

Note. FTA = fixation time per unit area. ***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05.

Figure 3. (a) Visual attentional focus for foods, (b) Encoding of foods elicited by pronutritional messages using Visual Palatability and Hedonic Textual Appeals.