Progress and challenges in designing landslide maps for disaster risk communication: a systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. The workflow of the map design modified from Tyner (2014).

Table 1. The list of document sources that meet the screening criteria.

Authors	Document Type	Map’s number	Map’s code	Map’s URL
Jaiswal and van Westen (2013)	Article	Fig. 10E	Map1	https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s11069-012-0404-1/figures/10
Alcántara-Ayala et al. (2018)	Article	Fig. 3	Map2	https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s10346-018-1010-4/figures/3
		Fig. 4	Map3	https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s10346-018-1010-4/figures/4
		Fig. 5	Map4	https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s10346-018-1010-4/figures/5
		Fig. 6	Map5	https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s10346-018-1010-4/figures/6
Klimeš et al. (2019)	Article	ESM 3	Map6	https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s10346-019-01203-w/figures/6
Ruiz-Cortés and Alcántara-Ayala (2020)	Article	Fig. 5	Map7	https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s10346-020-01391-w/figures/5
Karnawati et al. (2018)	Book chapter	Fig. 6	Map8	https://link.springer.com/chapter/1.1007/978-3-319-57777-7_38/figures/6
Karnawati et al. (2018)	Book chapter	Fig. 2	Map9	https://link.springer.com/chapter/1.1007/978-3-319-57777-7_36/figures/2
Setiawan et al. (2021)	Book chapter	Fig. 2	Map10	https://link.springer.com/chapter/1.1007/978-3-030-60196-6_54/figures/2
		Fig. 4	Map11	https://link.springer.com/chapter/1.1007/978-3-030-60196-6_54/figures/4
		Fig. 8	Map12	https://link.springer.com/chapter/1.1007/978-3-030-60196-6_54/figures/8
Thanh et al. (2021)	Book chapter	Fig. 5	Map13	https://link.springer.com/chapter/1.1007/978-3-030-60227-7_10/figures/5

Figure 2. The sub-coding framework for the analysis of landslide maps design (modified from Tyner (2014)).

Table 2. The themes found in the landslides map for disaster risk communication.

Map’s Code	Themes
	Landslide-controlling factor maps	Landslide inventory maps	Landslide zoning maps	Landslide evacuation maps
Map1				√
Map2	√ (Geology)
Map3		√
Map4			√ (Susceptibility)
Map5			√ (Exposure)
Map6			√ (Hazard)
Map7			√ (Exposure)
Map8				√
Map9			√ (Hazard)
Map10	√ (Slope)
Map11	√ (Geology)
Map12				√
Map13		√

Table 3. Mapping techniques used in each landslide map.

Map’s code	Mapping approach	Results	Methods	Involved actors and their role
Landslide-controlling factor maps
Map2	Expert mapping	Lithological map of the city	Adopting the existing geological map from previous research	Academics responsible for entire process.
Map10	Expert mapping	Slope classes of the village	Calculating slope from DEM	Academics responsible for entire process.
Map11	Expert mapping	Lithological map of the village	Site investigation	Academics responsible for entire process.
Landslide inventory maps
Map3	Expert mapping	The distribution and typology of landslides	Identifying landslides using visual interpretation from multi-year aerial photographs, high-resolution satellite images and fieldwork.	Academics responsible for entire process.
Map13	participatory mapping	The distribution and typology of landslides	Identifying landslide using visual interpretation from UAV-based aerial photograph.	Academics responsible for entire process. Local people involved in field verification.
Landslide zoning maps
Map4	Expert mapping	Susceptibility levels to landslide.	Measuring susceptibility level from nine conditioning factors using logistic regression method.	Academics responsible for entire process.
Map5	Expert mapping	Exposure level of inhabitants to landslide	Measuring exposure level based on the function of population density and susceptibility level.	Academics responsible for entire process.
Map6	Participatory mapping	Hazard level to landslide	Measuring hazard levels based on geomorphological mapping, satellite image interpretation and interviewing local people.	Academics responsible for entire process. Local people involved in providing landslide historical data.
Map7	Participatory mapping	Exposure level of dwellings to landslide	Measuring exposure level based on the proximity of the existing landslide, slope morphology, dwelling condition, and the number of stores, including susceptibility level.	Academics responsible for entire process. Local people involved in identifying environmental elements, landslide controlling factors and symptoms, and exposed dwellings.
Map9	Participatory mapping	Hazard level to landslide	Measuring hazard level based on field observation of the slope movement and landslide occurrence indicators.	Local people and disaster task force responsible for entire process. Academics aided in the map-making process.
Landslide evacuation maps
Map1	Participatory mapping	Evacuation route and safer shelter’s location	Determining the evacuation routes based on local people’s knowledge of the terrain.	Local people involved in creating map sketches. Academics responsible in assessing maps and converting them into digital version.
Map8	Participatory mapping	Evacuation route over landslide hazard zone.	Determining the evacuation routes by considering landslide hazard zones.	Local people and disaster task force responsible for entire process. Academics aided in the map-making process
Map12	Participatory mapping	Evacuation route over landslide risk zone.	Determining the evacuation routes by considering potential landslide area.	Local people involved in creating map sketches. Academics, facilitators, and students responsible for assessing maps and converting them into digital versions.

Table 4. The presentation designs for each landslide map.

Map’s code	Data layers	Symbology	Dimensionality	Composition	Lettering
		Form (Type)
Landslide-controlling factor-related maps
Map2	Lithology*	Area (an area-class)	Hillshade	Title, the main map, and legend.	Describe symbols on the legend.
	geological structure	Line (abstract)
	River	Line (pictorial)
	Municipality and neighborhood	Point (abstract)
Map10	Slope classes*	Volume (choropleth)	Hillshade	Title, main map, legend, and map maker.	Describe symbols on the legend.
	Geological structure	Line (abstract)
	River, and road	Line (pictorial)
Map11	Lithology*	Area (an area-class)	Hillshade	Title, main map, legend, and map maker.	Describe symbols on the legend.
	Geological structure	Line (abstract)
	River, and road	Line (pictorial)
Landslide inventory maps
Map3	Landslide areas*	Area (pictorial)	Aerial-photograph	Title, main map, and legend.	Describe symbols on the legend and the neighborhood’s name on the main map.
	Neighborhood	Area (abstract)
Map13	Landslide’s scarp, deposition, and direction	Line (associative)	Contour line	Title, main map, and pictures of landslides.	Landslide code and elevation on the main map.
	Road	Line (pictorial)
Landslide zoning maps
Map4	Level of susceptibility*	Volume (choropleth)	Hillshade	Title, main map, and legend.	Describe symbols on the legend and the name of the neighborhood on the main map.
	Elevation	Volume (Isometric line)
	River	Line (pictorial)
	Municipality and neighborhood.	Point (abstract)
Map5	Level of landslide exposure*	Volume (choropleth)	Hillshade	Title, main map, and legend.	Describe symbols on the legend and the neighborhood’s name on the main map.
	Contour	Volume (Isometric line)
	River	Line (pictorial)
	Municipality and neighborhood	Point (abstract)
Map6	Level of hazard*	Volume (choropleth)	Hillshade	Title, map inset, main map, legend, aerial-photo of the hazardous zone, additional frame about hazard information and map maker.	Describe symbols on the legend and explain about map function, hazard definition as well as a land-use recommendation on the additional frame.
	Warning signs, surveyed house, geodetic tools, school, health center, bridge, electric line pole.	Point (pictorial)
	Geo-dynamic process	Line (association)
	River basin, verified community boundary.	Area (abstract)
	River, road, Irrigation canal,	Line (pictorial)
Map7	Level of exposure *	Volume (choropleth)	Aerial-photograph	Title, main map, and legend.	Describe symbols on the legend.
	Landslide controlling factors, and symptoms, existing landslides, meeting points and other important places.	Point (pictorial)
	New housing area	Area (abstract)
	Road condition	Line (pictorial and different in hue)
Map9	Level of hazard*	Point (abstract, and different in hue)	None	Title, main map, legend, and map maker.	Describe symbols on the legend and name of household group as well as name of the village on the main map.
	School, mosque, bridge	Point (pictorial)
	Village office,	Point (abstract)
	River, road,	Line (pictorial)
	Group of household boundary	Line (abstract, different in form and hue)
Landslide evacuation maps
Map1	Type of roads, *	Line (pictorial, different in hue)	Land use	Title, main map, and legend.	Describe symbols on the legend.
	shelters,	Point (pictorial)
	Bridge, water tank, train track, and tea estate.	Point (pictorial)
Map8	Evacuation direction*	Point (pictorial)	Contour line	Title, main map, and legend.	Describe symbols on the legend and name of the village as well as the sub-village on the main map.
	Hazard zone	Volume (choropleth)
	Mosque, school, clinic, village office and house.	Point (pictorial)
	Public building	Point (association)
	Road and river	Line (pictorial)
Map12	Evacuation route*	Point (pictorial)	Risk zone	Title, main map, legend, and name of people in each residential area.	Describe symbols on the legend and name of the sub-village on the main map.
	Risk zone	Volume (choropleth)
	House.	Point (abstract)
	Mosque, security, and assembly point, bridge.	Point (pictorial)
	Landslide fracture, peak of the mountain	Point (association)

* The primary information shown on the map.

Table 5. Dissemination techniques of each landslide map.

Map’s code	Transmission techniques	Involved actors
Landslide-controlling factor-related maps
Map2	Book of atlas and community discussion	Academics, college students and government officers.
Map10	Community discussion	Academics, facilitators, and college students.
Map11
Landslide inventory maps
Map3	Book of atlas, and community discussion	Academics, college students and government officers.
Map13	Workshop	Academics.
Landslide zoning maps
Map4	Book of atlas, and community discussion	Academics, college students and government officers.
Map5
Map6	Information board and community discussion	Academics and government officers.
Map7	Workshop	Academics, government officers and school staff.
Map9	Community discussion	Academics, college students and disaster task forces.
Landslide evacuation maps
Map1	Workshop	Academics and government officers.
Map8	Workshop and Information board.	Academics, college students and disaster task forces.
Map12

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