Trauma, Emotional Regulation, and Coping Styles in Individuals with and without Probable Dissociative Disorders in Hong Kong

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample characteristics and differences between participants with and without a dissociative disorder (DD).

	Total (N = 101)		With DD (N = 66)		Without DD (N = 35)
Variables	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	t (df)	p
Age	35.16	10.85	34.79	10.35	35.86	11.87	−0.469 (99)	.640
Betrayal trauma	1.97	1.66	2.26	1.75	1.43	1.33	2.659 (87)	.009
Non-betrayal trauma	1.07	1.19	1.27	1.18	0.69	1.11	2.425 (99)	.017
Dissociative symptoms (Features associated with DID)	5.11	3.15	6.29	3.00	2.89	2.03	6.754 (93)	<.001
Emotion regulation: Cognitive reappraisal	15.67	3.54	15.89	3.37	15.26	3.84	0.860 (99)	.392
Emotion regulation: Expressive suppression	11.31	2.52	11.14	2.55	11.63	2.45	−0.935 (99)	.352
Coping: Active coping	37.85	6.97	38.35	7.10	36.91	6.73	0.983 (99)	.328
Coping: Dysfunctional coping	27.20	5.57	28.67	5.30	24.43	5.05	3.886 (99)	<.001
Coping: Distraction, comprises humor and self-distraction	10.22	2.30	10.42	2.23	9.83	2.41	1.242 (99)	.217
Number of other clinical diagnoses	0.87	1.10	1.14	1.20	0.37	0.65	4.163 (99)	<.001
Variables	Frequency		Frequency		Frequency		χ2 (df)	p
Gender (Female)	80.2%		81.8%		77.1%		0.315 (1)	.575
Marriage status (married or common-law)	27.7%		30.3%		22.9%		0.633 (1)	.426
Employment status (unemployed)	31.7%		30.3%		34.3%		0.436 (2)	.804
Recent psychiatric medication treatments (past 3 months)	39.6%		47.0%		25.7%		4.320 (1)	.038
Recent counseling and psychotherapy (past 3 months)	35.6%		40.9%		25.7%		2.302 (1)	.129

Table 2. Hierarchical multiple regression predicting dissociative symptoms (N = 101).

	Step 1		Step 2		Step 3
	β	p	β	p	β	p
Constant		.000		.010		.505
Betrayal trauma	.248	.019	.243	.025	.168	.107
Non-betrayal trauma	.206	.050	.221	.044	.259	.015
Emotion regulation: Cognitive Reappraisal			−.054	.591	−.024	.805
Emotion regulation: Expressive Suppression			−.021	.829	−.104	.290
Coping: Active coping					−.146	.149
Coping: Dysfunctional coping					.309	.003
Coping: Distraction, comprises humor and self-distraction					.121	.233
R2	.148		.152		.272
Adjust R2	.131		.117		.217
F	8.540***		4.302***		4.959***
ΔR2	.148		.004		.120
ΔF	8.540***		0.202		5.100**

*p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001.

Figure 1. Dysfunctional coping as a mediator in the relationship between betrayal trauma and dissociative symptoms (N = 101).

^apath c, without the mediator, ^bpath c,’ with the mediator

Figure 2. Dissociative symptoms as a mediator in the relationship between betrayal trauma and dysfunctional coping (N = 101).

^apath c, without the mediator, ^bpath c,’ with the mediator

Data availability statement

Data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.