Trauma, Emotional Regulation, and Coping Styles in Individuals with and without Probable Dissociative Disorders in Hong Kong

References

• Allard, C. (2009). Prevalence and sequelae of betrayal trauma in a Japanese student sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 1(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
   Google Scholar
• Atchley, R., & Bedford, C. (2021). Dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1760410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banou, E., Hobfoll, S. E., & Trochelman, R. D. (2009). Loss of resources as mediators between interpersonal trauma and traumatic and depressive symptoms among women with cancer. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105308100204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon, S., Steele, K., & Van der Hart, O. (2011). Coping with trauma-related dissociation: Skills training for patients and therapists. WW Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, B. L., Lanius, R., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., & Spiegel, D. (2012). Where are we going? An update on assessment, treatment, and neurobiological research in dissociative disorders as we move toward the DSM-5. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.620687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, B. L., Schielke, H. J., Putnam, K. T., Putnam, F. W., Loewenstein, R. J., Myrick, A., & Classen, C. C. (2019). An online educational program for individuals with dissociative disorders and their clinicians: 1‐year and 2‐year follow‐up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(1), 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carruthers, S. P., Rossell, S. L., Murray, G., Karantonis, J., Furlong, L. S., & Van Rheenen, T. E. (2022). Mindfulness, mood symptom tendencies and quality of life in bipolar disorder: An examination of the mediating influence of emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298, 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavicchioli, M., Scalabrini, A., Northoff, G., Mucci, C., Ogliari, A., & Maffei, C. (2021). Dissociation and emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 143, 370–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, C.-D., Tseng, M.-C., Chien, Y.-L., Liao, S.-C., Liu, C.-M., Yeh, Y.-Y., & Ross, C. A. (2017). Dissociative disorders in acute psychiatric inpatients in Taiwan. Psychiatry Research, 250, 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, K. J., & Kangas, M. (2020). Impact of maternal betrayal trauma on parent and child well-being: Attachment style and emotion regulation as moderators. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 12(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, A., & DePrince, A. P. (2006). Development of dissociation: Examining the relationship between parenting, maternal trauma and child dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(4), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v07n04_05
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Cohen, L. R., Ortigo, K. M., Jackson, C., & Koenen, K. C. (2020). Treating survivors of childhood abuse and interpersonal trauma: STAIR narrative therapy (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, C., Katona, C., & Livingston, G. (2008). Validity and reliability of the brief COPE in carers of people with dementia: The Laser-AD study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(11), 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818b504c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, D., & Sava, F. A. (2015). Designs for studying mediation. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp516
   Google Scholar
• Dell, P. F. (2006). The multidimensional inventory of dissociation (MID): A comprehensive measure of pathological dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(2), 77–106. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v07n02_06
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drill, R., Nakash, O., DeFife, J. A., & Westen, D. (2015). Assessment of clinical information: Comparison of the validity of a structured clinical interview (the SCID) and the clinical diagnostic interview. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(6), 459–462. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. (1999). The work of stabilization in trauma treatment. Trauma Center Lecture Series. http://janinafisher.com/pdfs/stabilize.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Foote, B., & Van Orden, K. (2016). Adapting dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 70(4), 343–364. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2016.70.4.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D. (2013). How can self-regulation enhance our understanding of Trauma and dissociation? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14(3), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2013.769398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freyd, J. J. (2008). Betrayal Trauma. In G. Reyes, J. D. Elhai, & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Freyd, J. J. (2011). Scoring the BBTS. https://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/bbts/categories.html
   Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W. (2016a). Trauma, dissociation and mental health service in Hong Kong (in Chinese: 創傷、解離與香港精神健康服務). Hong Kong In-Media, (in Chinese: 香港獨立媒體網). http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1042252
   Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W. (2016b). Trauma-related pathological dissociation in a case with cerebral palsy. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(3), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1080780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W. (2018). The phenomenon of pathological dissociation in the ancient Chinese medicine literature. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1304491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Chan, C., Chien, W. T., Chong, Y. Y., & Ross, C. A. (2022). The acceptability and potential benefits of a web-based psychoeducation program for people with pathological dissociation: A pilot evaluation study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 24(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2022.2119457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Chan, C., Ross, C. A., & Wang, E. K. S. (2021). Clinical features of a Chinese sample with self-reported symptoms of pathological dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(3), 378–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1869651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Chan, C., & Ross, C. A. (2023). A cross-cultural investigation of the association between betrayal trauma and dissociative features. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221090568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Lam, S. K. K., & Ross, C. A. (2022). The relationship between dissociation and complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 24(5), 2966–2982. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221120835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Ling, H. W. H., Ross, C. A., & Lam, S. K. K. (2022). The mediating role of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in the relationship between childhood adversities and depressive symptoms in two samples. Child Abuse and Neglect, 131, 105707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Choi, T. M., Chan, C., & Ross, C. A. (2018). Psychometric properties of the pathological dissociation measures among Chinese research participants – a study using online methods. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 15(4), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2018.1456995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Ho, L. Y. K., & Ross, C. A. (2018). Pathological dissociation and its relationships with aggression and delinquency in a college student sample in Hong Kong. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 27(2), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1421283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Ross, C. A., & Chung, H. M. (2020). The possibility of using dissociation to identify mental health service users with more psychosocial intervention needs: Rationale and preliminary evidence. Social Work in Mental Health, 18(6), 623–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2020.1832642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, H. W., Ross, C. A., Yu, C. K.-C., & Lau, E. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and dissociation among Hong Kong mental health service users. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1597808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng, J., Wang, P., Zeng, P., Liu, K., & Lei, L. (2021). Relationship between honesty-humility and cyberbullying perpetration: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0(0), 08862605211016346. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211016346
   Google Scholar
• Giesbrecht, T., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Merckelbach, H. (2008). Cognitive processes in dissociation: An analysis of core theoretical assumptions. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 617. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, L. R., & Freyd, J. J. (2006). Self-reports of potentially traumatic experiences in an adult community sample: Gender differences and test-retest stabilities of the items in a brief betrayal-trauma survey. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(3), 39–63. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v07n03_04
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldsmith, R. E., Freyd, J. J., & DePrince, A. P. (2012). Betrayal trauma: Associations with psychological and physical symptoms in young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(3), 547–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511421672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Vazquez, A. I., Seijo Ameneiros, N., Díaz Del Valle, J. C., Lopez Fernandez, E., & Santed Germán, M. A. (2017). Revisiting the concept of severe mental illness: Severity indicators and healthcare spending in psychotic, depressive and dissociative disorders. Journal of Mental Health, 29(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1340615
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guideford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kannis-Dymand, L., Millear, P., Sharman, R., & Carter, J. (2020). Factor structure of the brief COPE in a population from Australia and New Zealand exposed to a disaster. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 24(3), 125–137.
   Google Scholar
• Kate, M.-A., Hopwood, T., & Jamieson, G. (2020). The prevalence of dissociative disorders and dissociative experiences in college populations: A meta-analysis of 98 studies. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(1), 16–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1647915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knief, U., & Forstmeier, W. (2021). Violating the normality assumption may be the lesser of two evils. Behavior Research Methods, 53(6), 2576–2590. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01587-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langeland, W., Jepsen, E. K., Brand, B. L., Kleven, L., Loewenstein, R. J., Putnam, F. W., & Heir, T. (2020). The economic burden of dissociative disorders: A qualitative systematic review of empirical studies. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 12(7), 730. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C.-H., & Wu, J.-J. (2020). Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the emotion regulation questionnaire in Taiwanese college students. Assessment, 27(6), 1300–1309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118773875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, S. J., Polizzi, C., Merckelbach, H., Chiu, C.-D., Maxwell, R., van Heugten, D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2022). Dissociation and dissociative disorders reconsidered: Beyond sociocognitive and trauma models toward a transtheoretical framework. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 259–289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102424
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, C. T., & Benight, C. C. (2019). The temporal relationship between coping self-efficacy and dissociation in undergraduate students. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(4), 471–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1597805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monzani, D., Steca, P., Greco, A., D’Addario, M., Cappelletti, E., & Pancani, L. (2015). The situational version of the brief COPE: Dimensionality and relationships with goal-related variables. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i2.935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, A. E., & Segal, D. L. (2014). Structured versus semistructured versus unstructured interviews. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp069
   Google Scholar
• Mychailyszyn, M. P., Brand, B. L., Webermann, A. R., Şar, V., & Draijer, N. (2021). Differentiating dissociative from non-dissociative disorders: A meta-analysis of the structured clinical interview for DSM dissociative disorders (SCID-D). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1760169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, A. C., Webermann, A. R., Langeland, W., Putnam, F. W., & Brand, B. L. (2017). Treatment of dissociative disorders and reported changes in inpatient and outpatient cost estimates. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1375829. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, E. R., & Den Boer, J. (2009). Psychobiology of traumatization and trauma-related structural dissociation of the personality. In P. F. Dell & J. A. O’Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 337–365). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Qu, Y., & Telzer, E. H. (2017). Cultural differences and similarities in beliefs, practices, and neural mechanisms of emotion regulation. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero, D. H., Riggs, S. A., Raiche, E., McGuffin, J., & Captari, L. E. (2020). Attachment, coping, and psychological symptoms among military veterans and active duty personnel. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(3), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1723008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A. (2007). The trauma model: A solution to the problem of comorbidity in psychiatry. Manitou Communications.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A. (2015). When to suspect and how to diagnose dissociative identity disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.9.2.114
   Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A., & Browning, E. (2017). The self-report dissociative disorders interview schedule: A preliminary report. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 18(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1172538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A., Duffy, C. M., & Ellason, J. W. (2002). Prevalence, reliability and validity of dissociative disorders in an inpatient setting. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v03n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A., & Ellason, J. W. (2005). Discriminating among diagnostic categories using the dissociative disorders interview schedule. Psychological Reports, 96(2), 445–453. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.2.445-453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A., Heber, S., Norton, G. R., Anderson, D., Anderson, G., & Barchet, P. (1989). The dissociative disorders interview schedule: A structured interview. Dissociation, 2(3), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/e609942012-089
   Google Scholar
• Şar, V. (2011). Epidemiology of dissociative disorders: An overview. Epidemiology Research International, 2011, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/404538
   Google Scholar
• Şar, V., Akyüz, G., Öztürk, E., & Alioğlu, F. (2013). Dissociative depression among women in the community. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14(4), 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2012.753654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalabrini, A., Cavicchioli, M., Fossati, A., & Maffei, C. (2016). The extent of dissociation in borderline personality disorder: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 148(4), 522–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1240738
   Google Scholar
• Shabb, O. (2016). Considering psychoeducation on structural dissociation for dialectical behavior therapy patients experiencing high-risk dissociative behaviors. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1053657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. (2011). Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, third revision. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 12(2), 115–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.537247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staffa, S. J., Kohane, D. S., & Zurakowski, D. (2019). Quantile regression and its applications: A primer for anesthesiologists. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 128(4), 820–830. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, W. P. Y., Chan, C. W., & Choi, K. (2021). Factor structure of the brief coping orientation to problems experienced inventory in Chinese (brief-COPE-C) in caregivers of children with chronic illnesses. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 59, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. V. (2018). Depersonalization, adversity, emotionality, and coping with stressful situations. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(2), 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1329770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Hart, O., Steele, K., & Nijenhuis, E. (2017). The treatment of traumatic memories in patients with complex dissociative disorders. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 1(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.01.008
   Google Scholar
• Vancappel, A., & El-Hage, W. (2023). A cognitive behavioral model for dissociation: Conceptualization, empirical evidence and clinical implications. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 33(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbct.2023.05.003
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019). The ICD-11 classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Clinical description and diagnostic guidelines. Author.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Z. Y., Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Ross, C. A., & Lam, S. K. K. (2022). Trauma and dissociation among inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Taiwan. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2105576. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2105576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, Z., Yan, H., Wang, Z., Zou, Z., Xu, Y., Chen, J., & Keyes, B. B. (2006). Trauma and dissociation in China. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(8), 1388–1391. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar