Uncovering the Link Between Organizational Behaviors and Employment Status in the U.S. Hotel Industry

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Profile

	Part time	Percent	Full time	Percent	Total (n)
Gender
Female	26	62	58	49	84
Male	16	38	60	51	76
Education
High school	3	7	36	32	39
Some college	16	39	26	23	42
Associate	14	34	25	23	39
Bachelor	7	17	24	22	31
Master	1	2	0	0	1
Ethnic
Caucasian	16	38	71	63	87
African American	12	29	37	33	49
Asian	7	17	3	3	10
Hispanic	6	14	2	2	8
American Indian	1	2	0	0	1
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Age^a	32.14	10.93	36.13	12.28	35.05	12.03
Tenure^b	36.54	20.06	61.96	81.54	55.06	71.19

Table 2 Correlation Matrix Between Variables

	Item	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1	Status ^a	1.74	.44
2	PTBFT ^b	1.84	.37	.74∗∗∗
3	Gender^c	1.48	.50	.11	.08
4	Age ^d	35.05	12.03	.15	.26∗∗∗	.14
5	Tenure ^e	55.06	71.19	.16	.17∗	.11	.48∗∗∗
6	Education	2.43	1.10	−.14	−.12	−.05	−.23∗∗	−.23∗∗
7	OS	4.60	1.29	−.15	−.23∗∗	−.01	.06	−.15	.20∗
8	SS	5.20	1.44	−.11	−.21∗∗	.08	−.01	−.19∗	.20∗	.70∗∗∗
9	OC	4.45	1.32	−.13	−.14	.06	.27∗∗∗	.01	.17∗	.72∗∗∗	.19∗∗∗
10	Helping	5.72	.98	−.02	−.04	.10	.13	.10	.02	.17∗	.26∗∗∗	.29∗∗∗
11	Voice	5.58	1.00	−.28∗∗∗	−.22∗∗	.03	.07	.04	−.04	.12	.15	.19∗	.65∗∗∗
12	Action	5.85	.92	−.12	−.11	.07	.19∗	.13	−.03	.07	.21∗∗	.15	.61∗∗∗	.53∗∗∗
13	Loyalty	5.67	1.13	−.13	−.17∗	−.05	.11	−.01	.25∗∗	.42∗∗∗	.34∗∗∗	.47∗∗∗	.62∗∗∗	.54∗∗∗	.58∗∗∗

Table 3 Results of Regression Analysis of the Effects of Work Status and PTBFT on OS, SS, and OC

	Organizational support			Supervisors’ support			Organizational commitment
Variables Model	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
Gender^a	.04	.05	.04	.10	.11	.10	.08	.09	.08
Age	.22∗	.22∗	.30∗∗	.15	.15	.22∗	.38∗∗∗	.38∗∗∗	.42∗∗∗
Education	.26∗∗	.22∗	.22∗∗	.21∗	.20∗	.21∗	.23∗∗	.22∗∗	.22∗∗
Tenure	−.19∗	−.18 ^†	−.20∗	−.19∗	−.19∗	−.20∗	−14	−.13	−.14
WS ^b		−.10	.17		−.06	.20		−.13	.03
PTBFT ^c			−.36∗∗			−.35∗∗			−.21 ^†
F	3.54∗∗	3.09∗	4.16∗∗∗	3.25∗	2.68∗	3.70∗∗	6.01∗∗	5.39∗∗	5.11∗∗
ΔF		1.29	8.58∗∗		.45	8.08∗∗		2.64	3.25 ^†
R ^2	.10	.11	.16	.09	.09	.14	.15	.16	.18
ΔR ^2		.01	.06		.00	.05		.02	.02
Adjusted R ^2	.01	.	.07	.04	.05	.17	.14	.14	.16
Note. All coefficients are standardized (beta).

Table 4 Results of Regression Analysis of the Effects of Work Status and PTBFT on OCBs

	Helping				Voice				Action				Loyalty
Variable Model	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
Gender^a	.07	.02	.02	.03	.01	−.01	.01	.01	−.02	−.05	−.04	−.04	−.08	−.12	−.12	−.12
Age	.01	−.10	−.10	−.12	.02	−.05	−.04	−.05	.12	.06	.07	.05	.13	−.05	−.05	−.04
Education	.00	−.10	−.10	−.10	−.16 ^†	−.22∗	−.23∗	−.23∗	.05	−.02	−.03	−.03	.21∗	.06	.06	.06
Tenure	.08	.15	.15	.16 ^†	−.02	.01	.04	.04	.07	.13	.15	.16	−.02	.08	.09	.08
OS		−.11	−.11	−.09		−.11	−.12	−.11		−.14	−.14	−.13		.16	.16	.16
SS		.31∗∗	.31∗∗	.32∗∗		.13	.13	.13		.35∗∗	.34∗∗	.35∗∗		.10	.10	.10
OC		.28∗	.28∗	.27∗		.24 ^†	.20	.20		.12	.11	.10		.38∗∗∗	.37∗∗	.37∗∗
WS ^b			−.01	−.09			−.30∗∗∗	−.33∗			−.15 ^†	−.20			−.04	−.03
PTBFT ^c				.11				.04				.07				−.02
F	.44	3.82∗∗∗	3.32∗∗	3.02∗∗	.84 ^†	1.50	3.03∗∗	2.68∗∗	.83	2.65∗	2.75∗∗	2.46∗	1.87	9.29∗∗∗	8.13∗∗∗	7.17∗∗∗
ΔF		8.23∗∗∗	.02	.72		2.33 ^†	12.80∗∗∗	.11		4.97∗∗	3.15 ^†	.28		18.20∗∗∗	.35	.03
R ^2	.01	.17	.17	.18	.03	.08	.16	.16	.03	.13	.15	.15	.06	.34	.34	.34
ΔR ^2		.16	.00	.01		.05	.09	.00		.10	.02	.00		.28	.00	.00
Note. All coefficients are standardized (beta).

Table

Perceived Organizational Support
	Part time		Full time
Item Perceive Organizational Support (α = .94)	M	SD	M	SD
The company values my contribution to its well-being.	5.55	1.71	5.44	1.41
If the company could hire someone to replace me at a lower salary, it would do so. (R)	3.76	2.43	3.37	1.89
The company fails to appreciate any extra effort from me. (R)	4.55	1.98	3.65	1.83
The company strongly considers my goals and values.	5.02	1.85	4.75	1.70
The company would ignore any complaint from me. (R)	4.81	2.06	4.40	1.79
The company disregards my best interests when it makes decisions that affect me. (R)	4.88	2.00	3.98	1.79
Help is available from the company when I have a problem.	5.48	1.38	5.17	1.59
The company really cares about my well-being.	4.50	2.10	4.81	1.66
The company is willing to extend itself in order to help me perform my job to the best of my ability.	5.17	1.81	4.80	1.64
Even if I did the best job possible, the company would fail to notice. (R)	5.38	1.91	4.03	1.76
The company is willing to help me when I need a special favor.	5.12	1.64	4.68	1.77
The company cares about my general satisfaction at work.	4.98	1.77	4.90	1.57
If given the opportunity, the company would take advantage of me. (R)	4.40	2.22	3.67	2.06
The company shows very little concern for me. (R)	5.31	1.97	4.26	1.91
The company cares about my opinions.	4.93	1.79	4.91	1.68
The company takes pride in my accomplishments at work.	4.86	1.46	4.80	1.57
The company tries to make my job as interesting as possible.	4.64	1.92	4.50	1.65
Note. R = Reverse coded.

Table

Perceived Supervisor Support
	Part time		Full time
Item Perceived Supervisor Support (α = .90)	M	SD	M	SD
My supervisor seems willing to listen to my problems.	5.93	1.84	5.53	1.57
My supervisor is considerate of subordinate's feelings.	5.38	1.97	5.17	1.64
I can rely on my supervisor.	5.31	2.07	5.45	1.54
My supervisor is friendly.	5.45	2.01	5.60	1.57
I don't really feel that my supervisor and I are working toward shared or team objectives. (R)	5.33	1.83	4.47	2.01
My supervisor seems to be rather distant and unapproachable. (R)	5.40	1.89	5.11	1.84
Supervisors and subordinates have confidence in one another.	5.45	1.99	4.60	1.70
Note. R = Reverse coded.

Table

Organizational Commitment
	Part time		Full time
Item Organizational commitment (α = .80)	M	SD	M	SD
I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this company.	4.07	2.02	4.16	1.98
I really feel as if this company's problems are my own.	4.59	1.91	4.24	1.86
I do not feel a strong sense of “belonging” to my company. (R)	4.98	1.99	4.46	1.73
I do not feel “emotionally attached” to this company. (R)	4.73	2.05	4.29	1.80
I do not feel like “part of the family” at my company. (R)	5.22	1.90	4.39	1.88
This company has a great deal of personal meaning for me.	4.83	1.83	4.49	1.75
Note. R = Reverse coded.

Table

Organizational Citizenship Behavior
	Part time		Full time
Item	M	SD	M	SD
Helping (α = .83)
I go out of my way to help coworkers with work-related problems.	5.78	0.94	5.97	1.11
I voluntarily help new employees settle into the job.	6.32	0.88	5.63	1.17
I frequently adjust my work schedule to accommodate other employees’ requests for time off.	4.66	1.85	5.23	1.47
I always go out of the way to make newer employees feel welcome in the work group.	5.93	0.88	5.83	1.30
I show genuine concern and courtesy toward coworkers, even under the most trying business or personal situations.	5.93	1.25	5.76	1.28
Voice (α = .85)
For issues that may have serious consequences, I expresses opinions honestly even when others may disagree.	6.20	0.71	5.54	1.42
I often motivate others to express their ideas and opinions.	6.02	0.88	5.43	1.33
I encourage others to try new and more effective ways of doing their job.	6.10	1.02	5.36	1.17
I encourage hesitant or quiet coworkers to voice their opinions when they otherwise might not speak up.	5.73	1.20	5.30	1.48
I frequently communicate to coworkers suggestions on how the group can improve.	6.20	1.05	5.38	1.14
Action (α = .81)
I rarely miss work even when I have a legitimate reason for doing so.	6.24	1.07	5.80	1.31
I perform my duties with unusually few errors.	5.88	1.12	5.67	1.17
I perform my job duties with extra-special care.	6.05	0.86	5.91	1.11
I always meet or beat deadlines for completing work.	5.93	0.88	5.70	1.26
Loyalty (α = .91)
I defend the company when other employees criticize it.	5.76	1.07	5.43	1.42
I encourage friends and family to use my company's service and products.	5.98	1.60	5.56	1.48
I defend the company when outsiders criticize it.	6.00	0.97	5.47	1.37
Shows pride when representing the company in public.	5.95	1.00	5.68	1.28
Actively promotes the organization's products and services to potential users.	5.83	1.18	5.69	1.24