Understanding eating behaviors of foreign residents: A case of Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample profile (n:214)

Characteristics	Frequency	Percentage
Gender
Male	123	57.5
Female	91	42.5
Age
18–30	58	27.1
31–40	79	36.9
41–50	63	29.4
Over 51	14	6.5
Marital Status
Single	105	49.1
Married	102	47.7
Other	7	3.3
Education
Primary/secondary	40	18.7
College/university degree	142	66.4
Postgraduate	32	15.0
Nationality
German	39	18.2
Russian	41	19.2
Ukrainian	28	13.1
English	16	7.5
Others	90	42.0
Levels of income (in Turkey)
High income	18	8.4
Upper-middle income	69	32.2
Middle income	102	47.7
Lower-middle income	25	11.7
Levels of income (in home country)
High income	8	3.7
Upper-middle income	78	36.4
Middle income	109	50.9
Lower-middle income	19	8.9

Table 2. Results of convergent validity

Items	Factor loadings	Constructs	Cronbach’s Alpha	rho A	Composite Reliability	Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
AT_TC1	0.727	Attitude to TC (At_TC)	0.808	0.816	0.865	0.561
AT_TC2	0.738
AT_TC3	0.781
AT_TC4	0.725
AT_TC5	0.772
EMO10	0.877	Emotional (EMO)	0.794	0.800	0.879	0.707
EMO11	0.816
EMO9	0.828
EXT2	0.725	External (EXT)	0.835	0.865	0.889	0.667
EXT3	0.886
EXT4	0.853
EXT5	0.795
RES2	0.920	Restrained (RES)	0.824	0.990	0.889	0.728
RES3	0.852
RES4	0.782

Table 3. Results of discriminant validity (HTMT)

Constructs	At_TC	EMO	EXT	RES
At_TC
EMO	0.297
EXT	0.361	0.195
RES	0.103	0.276	0.264

Table 4. VIF results

Outer VIF values		Inner VIF values	EMO	EXT	RES	At_TC
EMO10	2.203	EMO				1.059
EMO11	1.424	EXT				1.067
EMO9	1.991	RES				1.101
EXT2	1.873	At_TC
EXT3	2.781
EXT4	2.245
EXT5	1.596
RES2	1.946
RES3	2.270
RES4	1.671
AT_TC1	1.966
AT_TC2	1.787
AT_TC3	1.958
AT_TC4	1.747
AT_TC5	1.947

Table 5. PLS predict results

PLS	RMSE	MAE	Q2_predict	LM	RMSE	MAE	Q2_predict
AT_TC1	1.045	0.846	0.067	AT_TC1	1.066	0.861	0.028
AT_TC4	0.687	0.543	0.007	AT_TC4	0.690	0.542	−0.001
AT_TC3	0.987	0.801	0.120	AT_TC3	0.974	0.788	0.142
AT_TC5	0.829	0.699	0.114	AT_TC5	0.851	0.711	0.066
AT_TC2	1.120	0.934	0.122	AT_TC2	1.121	0.924	0.121

Table 6. Structural model results

Hypotheses	Path coefficient	t- statistics	P-values	f-square	Decision
EMO -> At_TC	0.300	5.212	0.000	0.106	Supported
EXT -> At_TC	0.371	7.196	0.000	0.160	Supported
RES -> At_TC	−0.087	0.889	0.374	0.009	Not supported

Figure 1. Structural model results

Table 7. Comparison of foreign residents’ eating behaviors in their home country and Turkey

VARIABLES	HOME COUNTRY				TURKEY
Frequency of cooking	Mean: 2.69				Mean: 2.98
Frequency of eating at a restaurant	Mean: 2.02				Mean: 2.36
Frequency of eating at a fast-food restaurant	Mean: 2.98				Mean: 2.92
Frequency of shopping for food	Mean: 2.20				Mean: 2.15
Type of preferred dishes	Those who follow a plant-based diet		Those who do not follow a plant-based diet		Those who follow a plant-based diet		Those who do not follow a plant-based diet
	f: 127	59.30%	f: 87	40.70%	f: 131	61.2%	f: 83	38.8%
	Those who prefer seafood		Those who do not prefer seafood		Those who prefer seafood		Those who do not prefer seafood
	f: 118	55.1%	f: 96	44.9%	f: 126	58.9%	f: 88	41.1%
	Those who prefer grain-rich dishes		Those who do not prefer grain-rich dishes		Those who prefer grain-rich dishes		Those who do not prefer grain-rich dishes
	f: 90	42.1%	f: 124	57.9%	f: 94	43.9%	f: 120	56.1%
	Those who prefer meat dishes		Those who do not prefer meat dishes		Those who prefer meat dishes		Those who do not prefer meat dishes
	f: 105	49.1%	f: 109	50.9%	f: 108	50.9%	f: 106	49.1%
	Those who prefer miscellaneous dishes		Those who do not prefer miscellaneous dishes		Those who prefer miscellaneous dishes		Those who do not prefer miscellaneous dishes
	f: 1	0.05%	f: 213	99.5%	f: -	-	f: 214	100%
The number of meals	More than three meals				More than three meals
	4th meal + 5th meal = f: 124 57.9%				4th meal + 5th meal = f: 128 59.9%
Eating snacks	Mean: 2.89				Mean: 2.92
Being vegetarian	Vegetarian		Not vegetarian		Vegetarian		Not vegetarian
	f: 17	8%	f: 195	92%	f: 15	7.1%	f: 196	92.9%
Being on a diet	Mean: 2.14				Mean: 2.12
Calorie anxiety	Anxious		Not anxious		Anxious		Not anxious
	f: 79	36.9%	f: 135	63.1%	f: 81	38%	f: 132	62%
Allergies	Yes		No		Yes		No
	f: 41	19.2%	f: 173	80.8%	f: 43	20.1%	f: 171	79.9%
Exercising	Mean: 1.79				Mean: 1.84
Smoking	Mean: 2.32				Mean: 2.34
Alcohol intake	Mean: 2.04				Mean: 2.03
Influence of religious beliefs	Mean: 2.32				Mean: 2.29
Socio-economic conditions	Mean: 2.64				Mean: 2.62
*(1)Always, (2) Often, (3)Sometimes, (4) Seldom, (5) Never