Response of small female and midsize male models with active musculature in pre-crash maneuvers and low-speed impacts

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic of oblique impact experimental setup.

Figure 2. Setup for simulating field tests.

Table 1. Volunteer sled test simulation matrix.

Model	Muscle activation state	Relaxed		Braced		Subtotal
		1.0 g	2.5 g	1.0 g	2.5 g
M50-OS+Active	No activation	1	1	1	1	4
	Activation	1	1	1	1	4
F05-OS+Active	No activation	1	1	1	1	4
	Activation	1	1	1	1	4
Total						16

Figure 3. Comparison of head CG peak forward excursion of both models in braking event (top view). The head outline was created using the midsize male model and the CG of the head was placed at the experimental mean.

Figure 4. Comparison of head CG peak lateral excursion of both models in lane change event (top view). The head outline was created using the midsize male model and the CG of the head was placed at the experimental mean.

Table 2. Field tests simulation matrix.

Model	Muscle activation state	Braking	Lane change	Turn brake	Subtotal
M50-OS+Active	No activation	1	1	1	3
	Activation	5	5	5	15
F05-OS+Active	No activation	1	1	1	3
	Activation	5	5	5	15
Total					36

Figure 5. Comparison of head CG peak lateral and forward excursion of both models in turn and brake event (top view). The head outline was created using the midsize male model and the CG of the head was placed at the experimental mean.

Table 3. Comparison of CORA scores for both models in relaxed and braced muscle conditions for volunteer sled tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value using peak forward and lateral excursion data.

Severity	F05-OS+Active			M50-OS+Active
	Control	Active	Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value	Control	Active	Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value
Relaxed 1.0g	0.581	0.673	0.0121	0.521	0.570	0.0010
Braced 1.0g	0.452	0.624	0.0000	0.390	0.458	0.0000
Relaxed 2.5g	0.556	0.624	0.0001	0.521	0.581	0.0000
Braced 2.5g	0.431	0.562	0.0000	0.450	0.562	0.0000
Average CORA score	0.505	0.621	–	0.471	0.543	–

Table 4. Average CORA scores of both models in field tests simulations.

	F05-OS+Active	M50-OS+Active
	Average CORA score	Average CORA score
Control	0.787	0.466
Active baseline	0.832	0.836
Active anterior	0.802	0.833
Active posterior	0.832	0.847
Active right	0.806	0.791
Active left	0.872	0.878

Table 5. Overall CORA scores of both models.

	F05-OS+Active		M50-OS+Active
	Control	Active	Control	Active
Sled test simulations	0.505	0.621	0.471	0.543
Field test simulations	0.787	0.832	0.466	0.836
Overall CORA	0.646	0.727	0.469	0.690