Morphology, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of New Natural Cellulose Fiber Reinforcement from Waru (Hibiscus Tiliaceus) Bark

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Waru tree (hibiscus tiliaceus) trunk (b) Waru tree (hibiscus tiliaceus) bark fiber.

Figure 2. Single fiber tensile test.

Figure 3. Chemical analysis of waru bark fibers without treatment, with NaOH treatment and NaOH-Silane treatment.

Table 1. Analysis of the main constituents of new waru bark fibers with various other natural fibers.

Natural Cellulose Fiber	Chemical Characteristic			Reference
	Cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Lignin (%)
Waru bark fiber	58.63	18	23.35	Current Research
Cantala Fiber	59.47	27.71	9.11	(Raharjo et al. 2018a)
Olive tree	39.42	24.23	14	(Alshammari et al. 2019)
Sugar Palm Fiber	43.88	7.24	33.24	(Ilyas et al. 2019)
Ficus Religiosa	55.58	13.86	10.13	(Moshi et al. 2020)
Cyrtostachys fiber	38.99	19.15	18.28	(Loganathan et al. 2020)
Ptychosperma macarthurii	36.42	20.79	14.22	(Loganathan et al. 2020)
Citrullus lanatus climber fiber	53.7	12.5	10.1	(Khan et al. 2020)
Pennisetum orientale grass	60.3	16	12.45	(Vijay et al. 2021)
Cissus quadrangularis	69.58	10.13	8.85	(Siva et al.2021)

Figure 4. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test results.

Figure 5. Analysis of the results of X-Ray diffraction waru bark fiber (a) untreated (b) NaOH treated (c) NaOH-Silane treated.

Figure 6. The crystallinity index of waru bark fiber.

Figure 7. Surface morphology of waru bark fiber (a) untreated (b) NaOH treated (c) NaOH-Silane treated.

Table 2. Peak data of the Fourier transform infrared wave number of waru fiber.

Wavenumber (Cm^−1)			Possible functional groups	Chemical
Untreated	NaOH	NaOH-Silane
3323.77	3320.32	3334.93	-OH stretching from cellulose	Cellulose
2921.56	2893.09	2891.51	Symmetric and asymmetric group CH2 from cellulose dan hemicellulose	Cellulose, Hemicellulose
1719.02	-	-	Stretching vibration of C = O of hemicellulose	Hemicellulose
1655.15	-	-	Water adsorbed on the fiber	Water
1545.76	1594.58	1592.36	Alcohol compound and the aromatic structure of lignin present in the fiber (C = C bond).	Lignin
1508.57	1507.33	-	Stretching of the benzene ring and OCH3 groups in the lignin	Lignin
1450	-	-	Alcohol compound and the aromatic structure of lignin present in the fiber (C = C bond).	Lignin
-	1420.21	1420.22	=CO stretching vibration of carboxylic acid and ester groups of hemicellulose	Hemicellulose
1317.85	1317.87	1315.96	Aromatic C = O bending from lignin	Lignin
1236.09	1227.75	1228.60	Acetyl groups of lignin	Lignin
1025.36	1021.31	1023.41	C-O stretching vibration in cellulose	Cellulose
-	-	896.07	Silanol groups vibration	Cellulose

Table 3. Tensile strength value of waru bark fiber.

Natural Cellulose Fiber Sample	Diameter (µm)	Tensile Force (N)	Tensile Strength (Mpa)
Untreated	90.55 ± 15.69	59.26 ± 27.24	207.30 ± 83.75
NaOH treatment	90.85 ± 10.32	42.80 ± 26.25	152.77 ± 81.93
NaOH-Silane treatment	87.46 ± 5.50	63.86 ± 12.36	243.94 ± 46.64

Figure 8. Tensile strength of single fiber.

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