Multi-scale analysis of the relationship between economic statistics and DMSP-OLS night light images

Figures & data

Table 1. DMSP-OLS sensor cluster collection years.

Year/Sensor	F10	F12	F14	F15	F16	F18
1992	X
1993	X
1994	X	X
1995		X
1996		X
1997		X	X
1998		X	X
1999		X	X
2000			X	X
2001			X	X
2002			X	X
2003			X	X
2004				X	X
2005				X	X
2006				X	X
2007				X	X
2008					X
2009					X
2010						X
Data source: National Geophysical Data Center Earth Observation Group.

Table 2. Model results by spatial extent and year.

								GWR
			Dependent	R ^2		OLS		Moran's I
Spatial extent	Scale	Year	variable	OLS	GWR	Levene's**	Avg***	Cls	***
Florida	MSAs	2006	lnGDP	0.976	n/a	n/a	n/a	−-	−-
US	MSAs	2006	lnBVs	0.875	0.928	0.691	0.39	*	0.4
US	MSAs	2006	lnGDP	0.875	0.912	0.383			0.0
US	MSAs	2010	lnBVs	0.845	0.905	0.257		*	0.7
US	MSAs	2010	lnGDP	0.845	0.878	0.244			0.0
US	States	2006	lnBVs	0.761	0.696	0.481	0.49		0.0
US	States	2006	lnGDP	0.761	0.633	0.702			0.0
US	States	2010	lnBVs	0.646	0.584	0.089			0.0
US	States	2010	lnGDP	0.646	0.482	0.699			0.0
Notes: *Non-clustered residuals.**Null hypothesis for equality of means is homoskedasticity.***Percent chance of rejecting the null hypothesis incorrectly – a Type I error.

Table 3. MSA scale residual scatter plots.

Table 4. State scale residual scatter plots.

Table 5. MSA outliers by year, method and dependent variable.

	Year
	2006				2010
	OLS		GWR		OLS		GWR			Major industries		Per capita	US CB MSA
MSA	BVs	GDP	BVs	GDP	BVs	GDP	BVs	GDP	Count	2006	2010	GDP (z-score)	area (z-score)
Bakersfield–Delano, CA			X						1	Government, Mining	Government, Mining	−0.48	2.12244
Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk, CT	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	8	Finance, Real estate	Finance, Real estate	4.51	−0.68150
Carson City, NV	X	X	X		X	X	X	X	7	Government, Real estate	Government, Manufacturing	1.07	−0.86706
Casper, WY							X		1	Mining, Real estate	Mining, Real estate	3.71	1.08395
Corvallis, OR	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		7	Manufacturing, Government	Manufacturing, Government	1.69	−0.66696
El Centro, CA				X					1	Government, Agriculture	Government, Retail	−1.21	0.63895
Grand Forks, ND-MN				X	X	X		X	4	Government, Retail	Government, Health/Social	−0.31	0.36254
Greeley, CO			X						1	Manufacturing, Government	Manufacturing, Government	−0.91	0.57819
Lake Havasu City–Kingman, AZ	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a				X	1	Retail, Government	Government, Retail	−1.83	4.10085
Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana, CA		X		X	X			X	4	Real estate, Manufacturing	Real estate, Manufacturing	1.62	0.89882
Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario, CA			X	X					2	Real estate, Government	Government, Real estate	−0.95	9.27029
San Francisco–Oakland–Fremont, CA	X	X		X	X	X		X	5	Real estate, Manufacturing	Real estate, Prof/Sci/Tech	3.21	0.01510
San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara, CA	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	8	Manufacturing, Prof/Sci/Tech	Manufacturing, Information	4.01	0.08156
Santa Cruz–Watsonville, CA	X	X	X		X	X			5	Real estate, Government	Real estate, Government	0.07	−0.75253
Trenton–Ewing, NJ	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	8	Government, Prof/Sci/Tech	Government, Prof/Sci/Tech	2.44	−0.83526
Count	7	8	9	9	9	8	6	8

Figure 1. Illustration of Levene's equality of means calculation.

Figure 2. 2006 MSA GWR residuals.

Figure 3. 2010 MSAs GWR residuals map.