Image simulation from multitemporal landsat images

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area and a land cover map. For full color versions of the figures in this paper, please see the online version.

Figure 2. Flowchart of the image simulation model.

Figure 3. Images in their natural colors for the 22 September 2006 target date: (a) actual image obtained on the target date; (b) reference image acquired on 12 October 2005; (c) simulated image without NDVI and the reference image; (d) simulated image using NDVI; (e) simulated image using NDVI and the reference image.

Table 1. Summary of F-test p-values for 22 September 2006 simulation.

Band index	1	2	3	4	5	7
Mean of p-value
Case 1	2.2E – 05	7.3E – 05	3.1E – 04	1.8E – 04	3.1E – 03	2.3E – 03
Case 2	1.4E – 06	1.4E – 05	7.1E – 05	1.1E – 05	1.9E – 03	7.3E – 04
Case 3	1.4E – 05	4.8E – 05	3.6E – 04	5.6E – 04	4.1E – 03	2.6E – 03
Percentage of pixels whose p > 0.05
Case 1	0.007	0.019	0.149	0.272	1.792	1.097
Case 2	0.001	0.006	0.030	0.012	0.754	0.302
Case 3	0.001	0.011	0.050	0.033	0.941	0.429

Table 2. Summary of F-test p-values for 11 March 2014 simulation.

Band index	1	2	3	4	5	7
Mean of p-value
Case 1	4.0E – 06	2.5E – 05	1.2E – 04	6.6E – 05	2.3E – 03	1.1E – 03
Case 2	1.6E – 06	1.5E – 05	8.1E – 05	2.6E – 05	1.9E – 03	8.0E – 04
Case 3	1.5E – 05	4.9E – 05	3.8E – 04	5.7E – 04	4.1E – 03	2.7E – 03
Percentage of pixels whose p > 0.05
Case 1	0.007	0.019	0.135	0.266	1.775	1.043
Case 2	0.001	0.006	0.026	0.004	0.718	0.276
Case 3	0.011	0.036	0.141	0.085	1.331	1.044

Table 3. R² statistics of multilinear regression without the aid of NDVI and a reference image.

Target date	Category	Band
		1	2	3	4	5	7
22 September 2006	Maximum	0.962	0.971	0.957	0.972	0.955	0.971
	Minimum	0.075	0.056	0.064	0.063	0.021	0.011
	Mean	0.781	0.758	0.670	0.709	0.585	0.609
	Std	0.065	0.097	0.125	0.120	0.171	0.148
	Variance	0.004	0.009	0.016	0.014	0.029	0.022
11 March 2014	Maximum	0.961	0.970	0.956	0.972	0.955	0.971
	Minimum	0.076	0.058	0.062	0.051	0.021	0.011
	Mean	0.780	0.756	0.669	0.710	0.580	0.608
	Std	0.065	0.098	0.126	0.120	0.173	0.148
	Variance	0.004	0.010	0.016	0.015	0.030	0.022

Figure 4. Images in their natural colors for the 11 March 2014 target date: (a) actual image obtained on the target date; (b) reference image acquired on 27 October 2013; (c) simulated image without NDVI and the reference image; (d) simulated image using NDVI; (e) simulated image using NDVI and the reference image.

Table 4. R² statistics of multilinear regression with the aid of NDVI.

Target date	Category	Band
		1	2	3	4	5	7
22 September 2006	Maximum	0.965	0.978	0.978	0.979	0.962	0.973
	Minimum	0.243	0.152	0.064	0.103	0.033	0.033
	Mean	0.849	0.828	0.811	0.872	0.609	0.670
	Std	0.056	0.078	0.096	0.068	0.164	0.137
	Variance	0.003	0.006	0.009	0.005	0.027	0.019
11 March 2014	Maximum	0.965	0.978	0.978	0.978	0.962	0.973
	Minimum	0.244	0.142	0.063	0.116	0.034	0.030
	Mean	0.857	0.836	0.828	0.877	0.607	0.680
	Std	0.048	0.077	0.091	0.066	0.167	0.140
	Variance	0.002	0.006	0.008	0.004	0.028	0.020

Table 5. R² statistics of multilinear regression with the aid of NDVI and a reference image.

Target date	Category	Band
		1	2	3	4	5	7
22 September 2006	Maximum	0.976	0.981	0.984	0.979	0.962	0.978
	Minimum	0.230	0.152	0.064	0.103	0.033	0.033
	Mean	0.850	0.829	0.812	0.870	0.609	0.670
	Std	0.056	0.079	0.097	0.073	0.165	0.138
	Variance	0.003	0.006	0.009	0.005	0.027	0.019
11 March 2014	Maximum	0.982	0.987	0.987	0.990	0.977	0.984
	Minimum	0.245	0.142	0.064	0.118	0.034	0.030
	Mean	0.860	0.842	0.831	0.880	0.618	0.680
	Std	0.050	0.079	0.092	0.067	0.173	0.145
	Variance	0.002	0.006	0.008	0.004	0.030	0.021

Figure 5. Histogram of correlation coefficients between the simulated and actual images acquired on (a) 22 September 2006 and (b) 11 March 2014.

Table 6. Correlation coefficient statistics of the actual and simulated images.

Category	22 September 2006						11 March 2014
	Overall			Man-made area			Overall			Man-made area
	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3
Mean	0.9912	0.9922	0.9925	0.9875	0.9894	0.9907	0.9917	0.9930	0.9936	0.9922	0.9937	0.9961
Std	0.0159	0.0148	0.0147	0.0241	0.0210	0.0206	0.0084	0.0065	0.0060	0.0095	0.0073	0.0043
Maximum	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000
Minimum	0.5367	0.5714	0.5884	0.6713	0.7364	0.7392	0.7371	0.8025	0.8368	0.7538	0.8025	0.8899
R	Percentage of pixels (%)
>0.99	78.45	83.64	84.30	73.48	77.26	81.01	74.75	79.86	82.05	77.32	83.15	93.25
>0.98	91.79	92.88	93.23	85.04	87.89	89.39	93.64	95.83	96.63	92.42	95.27	98.94
<0.95	2.15	2.09	1.98	6.09	4.77	3.96	0.64	0.16	0.12	0.79	0.27	0.05

Figure 6. Spectral profile (top) and histogram of correlation coefficients (bottom) for man-made areas with the 22 September 2006 target date.

Figure 7. Spectral profile (top) and histogram of correlation coefficients (bottom) for man-made areas with the 11 March 2014 target date.

Table 7. RRMSE value of pixel radiance for each band.

		Band
		1	2	3	4	5	7
Target date	Wavelength (µm)	0.485	0.569	0.660	0.840	1.676	2.223
22 September 2006	Case 1	0.0588	0.0945	0.2053	0.1535	0.3624	0.4350
	Case 2	0.0531	0.0879	0.1976	0.1429	0.3566	0.4033
	Case 3	0.0535	0.0872	0.1946	0.1387	0.3525	0.4006
11 March 2014	Case 1	0.1098	0.0878	0.1228	0.1325	0.1953	0.2815
	Case 2	0.1056	0.0775	0.1037	0.1292	0.1807	0.2583
	Case 3	0.1004	0.0727	0.0964	0.1219	0.1688	0.2460

Figure 8. Image simulation with and without SWBD for the target date of 22 September 2006: (a) SWBD; (b) simulated image with a reference image and SWBD; (c) mean spectral radiance profile without SWBD; and (d) mean spectral radiance profile with SWBD.