Utilization of Landsat data to quantify land-use and land-cover changes related to oil and gas activities in West-Central Alberta from 2005 to 2013

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of the study area in West-Central Alberta. For full color versions of the figures in this paper, please see the online version.

Figure 2. Processing steps to select ground-reference data for target year.

Figure 3. Extraction and refinement process of anthropogenic footprints.

Figure 4. Work flow of fused classification map production.

Figure 5. Work flow for classifying year-to-year land disturbance and vegetation loss.

Figure 6. Agricultural zone and DIDs oil and gas footprints from 1970 to 2013 in the study area.

Figure 7. False color composite (SWIR 1, NIR, Red) of (a) 2005 and (b) 2006 Landsat annual BAP data. (c) Types of land disturbances and (d) types of vegetation loss from 2005 to 2006.

Figure 8. Area estimation of types of land disturbance from 2005 to 2013 including the contribution of oil and gas footprints.

Figure 9. Area estimation of types of vegetation loss from 2005 to 2013 including the contribution of oil and gas footprints.

Figure 10. (a) Cumulative land disturbances from 2005 to 2013 and (b) the state of cumulative land disturbances including (c) oil and gas footprints in 2013 with remaining disturbances and evidence of vegetation recovery.

Figure 11. Area estimation of recovering and remaining disturbances in 2013 out of 2005–2013 cumulative land disturbances with the contribution of oil and gas footprints.

Table 1. Error matrix of cumulative land disturbances from 2005 to 2013.

Overall accuracy = (1,769,681/2,034,218) 87.00% Kappa coefficient = 0.8510
Class	2012–2013	2011–2012	2010–2011	2009–2010	2008–2009	2007–2008	2006–2007	2005–2006	Total
Ground reference (pixels)
2012–2013	187,691	14,168	511	390	531	776	658	1819	206,544
2011–2012	1838	252,750	20,674	2245	2454	1622	2085	4197	287,865
2010–2011	3211	10,635	266,844	6126	2100	2241	2875	5750	299,782
2009–2010	954	3565	18,710	22,1878	12,071	1189	1696	3359	263,422
2008–2009	1611	4866	3961	8413	224,847	12,345	2860	8388	267,291
2007–2008	413	1990	1838	1604	10,688	183,286	14,809	3250	217,878
2006–2007	2278	2859	3462	2731	3246	3003	193,537	21,404	232,520
2005–2006	1079	2284	2337	2159	4776	2448	4985	238,848	258,916
Total	199,075	293,117	318,337	245,546	260,713	206,910	223,505	287,015	2,034,218
Ground reference (%)
2012–2013	94.28	4.83	0.16	0.16	0.2	0.38	0.29	0.63	10.15
2011–2012	0.92	86.23	6.49	0.91	0.94	0.78	0.93	1.46	14.15
2010–2011	1.61	3.63	83.82	2.49	0.81	1.08	1.29	2	14.74
2009–2010	0.48	1.22	5.88	90.36	4.63	0.57	0.76	1.17	12.95
2008–2009	0.81	1.66	1.24	3.43	86.24	5.97	1.28	2.92	13.14
2007–2008	0.21	0.68	0.58	0.65	4.1	88.58	6.63	1.13	10.71
2006–2007	1.14	0.98	1.09	1.11	1.25	1.45	86.59	7.46	11.43
2005–2006	0.54	0.78	0.73	0.88	1.83	1.18	2.23	83.22	12.73
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

Note: Bold values indicate producer accuracy.

Table 2. Jeffries-Matusita spectral separability measure ranked from least to most for pairs of selected training data from 2009.

Class pair		Least to most separability
Shrub/grass (847,087 pixels)	Cropland (209,676 pixels)	0.74
Shrub/grass (847,087 pixels)	Broadleaf (1,225,529 pixels)	0.94
Coniferous (1,729,107 pixels)	Broadleaf (1,225,529 pixels)	1.02
Shrub/grass (847,087 pixels)	Coniferous (1,729,107 pixels)	1.18
Developed (11,867 pixels)	Cropland (209,676 pixels)	1.39
Developed (11,867 pixels)	Shrub/grass (847,087 pixels)	1.49
Cropland (209,676 pixels)	Broadleaf (1,225,529 pixels)	1.59
Cropland (209,676 pixels)	Coniferous (1,729,107 pixels)	1.84
Developed (11,867 pixels)	Coniferous (1,729,107 pixels)	1.86
Developed (11,867 pixels)	Broadleaf (1,225,529 pixels)	1.87

Table 3. Error matrix of the 2009 LULC classification map.

Overall accuracy = (2,300,423/2,916,113) 78.89 % Kappa coefficient = 0.6805
Class	Developed	Shrub/grass	Cropland	Coniferous	Broadleaf	Total
Ground reference (pixels)
Developed	58,028	2931	8546	3525	2004	75,034
Shrub/grass	1599	120,511	9660	45,335	68,275	245,380
Cropland	199	27,935	101,420	4643	27,388	161,585
Coniferous	0	48,600	497	1,154,656	81,802	1,285,555
Broadleaf	2	197,834	15,084	56,161	639,547	908,628
Total	59,828	397,858	135,222	1,264,443	819,188	2,676,539
Ground reference (%)
Developed	96.99	0.74	6.32	0.28	0.24	2.8
Shrub/grass	2.67	30.29	7.14	3.59	8.33	9.17
Cropland	0.33	7.02	75.00	0.37	3.34	6.04
Coniferous	0	12.22	0.37	91.32	9.99	48.03
Broadleaf	0	49.72	11.15	4.44	78.07	33.95
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100

Note: Bold values indicate producer accuracy.

Figure 12. (a) Producer’s accuracy and (b) overall accuracy of annual LULC classification map from 2005 to 2013.

Figure 13. An example of spectral signatures of training data for 2009.