Mobility difference index: a quantitative method for detecting human mobility difference

Figures & data

Figure 1. HSMS graph.

Figure 2. MDI workflow.

Figure 3. Flow distance diagram.

Figure 4. Flow distance for temporal variations.

Figure 5. HSMS transformation scheme and cost.

Table 1. Human mobility characteristics at different times.

Time	Origin	The number of trips	Range of trip distance	Trip direction
t1	(50,50)	90	(5,15)	360 degree surround around the origin
t2	(50,50)	180	(5,15)	360 degree surround around the origin
t3	(50,50)	360	(5,15)	360 degree surround around the origin
t4	(50,50)	360	(15,25)	360 degree surround around the origin
t5	(50,50)	360	(35,45)	360 degree surround around the origin
t6	(50,50)	360	(35,45)	180 degree surround around the origin
t7	(50,50)	360	(35,45)	90 degree surround around the origin
t8	(50,50)	360	240:(5,15),120:(35,45)	360 degree surround around the origin
t9	(50,50)	90	(35,45)	360 degree surround around the origin

Figure 6. Visualization of simulation data and quantitative results of temporal variations in human mobility.

Figure 7. Visualization of simulation data and quantitative results of spatial differences in human mobility.

Table 2. Examples of mobile phone data.

Date	Origin ID	Destination ID	Flow flux
2019/12/10	100172	100719	1
2019/12/10	104327	99004	4
…	…	…	…
2020/1/31	99759	98134	2

Figure 8. Daily human mobility variations in Wuhan and Beijing.

Figure 9. Spatial distribution and grid number of human mobility variations.

Table 3. POI categories with top 10 contributions.

Order	Grade 1 (low variation in mobility)	Grade 2 (medium variation in mobility)	Grade 3 (high variation in mobility)
1	(Agricultural Base, 0.943)	(‘Auto Repair’, 10.464)	(‘Railway Station’, 128.639)
2	(‘Village’, 0.911)	(‘Special Hospital’, 10.153)	(‘Clothing Store’, 73.264)
3	(‘Port & Marina’, 0.635)	(‘Farmers Market’, 10.146)	(‘Foreign Food Restaurant’, 72.304)
4	(‘Factory’, 0.587)	(‘Motor Vehicle Services’, 9.969)	(‘Airport’, 72.094)
5	(‘Tourist Attraction’, 0.524)	(‘Community Center’, 9.872)	(’ Tertiary Level-A Hospitals ’, 64.251)
6	(‘Bus Station’, 0.523)	(‘Bank’, 9.839)	(‘Shopping Plaza’, 64.016)
7	(‘Coach Station’, 0.509)	(‘Media Organization’, 9.788)	(‘Luxury Hotel’, 60.764)
8	(‘Villa’, 0.483)	(‘Chinese Food Restaurant’, 9.762)	(‘Commercial Street’, 53.755)
9	(‘Public Facility’, 0.434)	(‘Home Building Materials Market’, 9.745)	(‘Leisure Food Restaurant’, 50.439)
10	(‘Filling Station’, 0.386)	(‘Arts Organization’, 9.742)	(‘Fast Food Restaurant’, 49.072)

Table 4. Contributions to variations in mobility among 55 types of POIs.

Order	POI type	Cp,g	Order	POI type	Cp,g
1	Railway Station	134.102	29	Science & Technology Exhibition Hall	39.663
2	Clothing Store	82.106	30	General Hospital	37.905
3	Foreign Food Restaurant	81.272	31	Residential Quarter	37.042
4	Airport	79.808	32	School	35.318
5	Tertiary Level-A Hospitals	73.921	33	Research Institution	34.667
6	Shopping Plaza	72.372	34	Chain Supermarket	34.434
7	Luxury Hotel	69.231	35	Convenience Store	33.096
8	Commercial Street	63.288	36	Street Furniture	32.935
9	Leisure Food Restaurant	60.106	37	Farmers Market	32.641
10	Fast-Food Restaurant	58.593	38	Coach Station	32.22
11	General Merchandise	56.472	39	Governmental & Social Organization	31.634
12	Financial & Economic Insurance	55.706	40	Health Center	26.895
13	Subway Station	54.832	41	Clinic	26.65
14	Budget Hotel	54.82	42	Park & Square	26.107
15	Home Electronics	54.183	43	Home Building Materials Market	24.877
16	Arts Organization	50.949	44	Logistics Service	23.572
17	Beauty and Hairdressing Store	50.185	45	Filling Station	20.454
18	Special Hospital	49.282	46	Motor Vehicle Services	20.111
19	Media Organization	49.281	47	Tourist Attraction	19.433
20	Bank	47.843	48	Auto Repair	17.01
21	Sports & Recreation Places	47.056	49	Auto Dealers	16.771
22	Chinese Food Restaurant	44.369	50	Port & Marina	15.986
23	Public Facility	42.596	51	Bus Station	15.44
24	Parking Lot	42.555	52	Factory	11.614
25	Company	42.519	53	Villa	10.397
26	Job Centre	41.501	54	Agricultural Base	4.025
27	Community Center	40.886	55	Village	3.592
28	Business Office Building	39.988

Table 5. Top two CMVMDs in each spatial semantic.

Semantic type	DFL	DTFL	SSI	LOD	MDI
Shopping (Sh)	(‘SL,’ 0.066) (‘Sh,’ 0.128)	(‘Sh,’ 0.13) (‘SL,’ 0.164)	(Sh, 0.227) (TA,0.949)	(Sh, 0.267) (TA,0.949)	(‘Sh,’ 0.143) (‘SL,’ 0.486)
Food & Beverage (FB)	(‘GSO,’ 0.117) (‘AS,’ 0.259)	(‘AS,’ 0.301) (‘AuS,’ 0.407)	(‘AS,’ 0.967) (‘AuS,’ 0.980)	(‘AS,’ 0.942) (‘AuS,’ 0.970)	(‘GSO,’ 0.481) (‘AS,’ 0.557)
Medical Services (MS)	(‘MS,’ 0.117) (‘GSO,’ 0.141)	(‘GSO,’ 0.041) (‘MS,’ 0.115)	(‘MS,’ 0.318) (Sh, 0.966)	(‘MS,’ 0.318) (‘GSO,’ 0.973)	(‘MS,’ 0.21) (‘GSO,’ 0.539)
Government and Social Organization (GSO)	(‘FB,’ 0.117) (‘MS,’ 0.141)	(‘MS,’ 0.041) (‘GSO,’ 0.189)	(‘GSO,’ 0.545) (‘RB,’ 0.979)	(‘GSO,’ 0.537) (‘RB,’ 0.972)	(‘GSO,’ 0.352) (‘FB,’ 0.481)
Residential Building (RB)	(‘SL,’ 0.3) (‘TS,’ 0.377)	(‘SL,’ 0.25) (‘TS,’ 0.367)	(‘RB,’ 0.890) (‘FIS,’ 0.927)	(‘RB,’ 0.887) (‘FIS,’ 0.920)	(‘SL,’ 0.582) (‘RB,’ 0.614)
Accommodation Services (AS)	(‘AS,’ 0.141) (‘FB,’ 0.259)	(‘AS,’ 0.166) (‘DLS,’ 0.193)	(‘AS,’ 0.400) (‘TS,’ 0.951)	(‘AS,’ 0.400) (‘FB,’ 0.943)	(‘AS,’ 0.279) (‘FB,’ 0.557)
Science Culture and Education (SCE)	(‘SCE,’ 0.209) (‘FB,’ 0.381)	(‘DLS,’ 0.123) (‘SCE,’ 0.202)	(‘SCE,’ 0.454) (‘TA,’ 0.969)	(‘SCE,’ 0.456) (‘TA,’ 0.976)	(‘SCE,’ 0.326) (‘Sh,’ 0.694)
Tourist Attraction (TA)	(‘AuS,’ 0.075) (‘TA,’ 0.106)	(‘AuS,’ 0.074) (‘TA,’ 0.096)	(‘TA,’ 0.196) (‘RB,’ 0.936)	(‘TA,’ 0.211) (‘SL,’ 0.907)	(‘TA,’ 0.13) (‘AuS,’ 0.422)
Finance and Insurance Services (FIS)	(‘SL,’ 0.363) (‘Sh,’ 0.419)	(‘SL,’ 0.369) (‘RB,’ 0.462)	(‘RB,’ 0.927) (‘SL,’ 0.980)	(‘RB,’ 0.920) (‘SL,’ 0.965)	(‘SL,’ 0.621) (‘Sh,’ 0.662)
Sports and Leisure (SL)	(‘Sh,’ 0.066) (‘RB,’ 0.3)	(‘Sh,’ 0.164) (‘RB,’ 0.25)	(‘TA,’ 0.953) (‘RB,’ 0.966)	(‘TA,’ 0.907) (‘RB,’ 0.956)	(‘Sh,’ 0.486) (‘RB,’ 0.582)
Automobile Service (AuS)	(‘AuS,’ 0.067) (‘TA,’ 0.075)	(‘TA,’ 0.074) (‘AuS,’ 0.095)	(‘AuS,’ 0.277) (‘FB,’ 0.980)	(‘AuS,’ 0.279) (‘FB,’ 0.970)	(‘AuS,’ 0.182) (‘TA,’ 0.422)
Daily Life Services (DLS)	(‘AS,’ 0.282) (‘AuS,’ 0.297)	(‘SCE,’ 0.123) (‘AS,’ 0.193)	(‘RB,’ 0.969) (‘AS,’ 0.983)	(‘AS,’ 0.969) (‘RB,’ 0.976)	(‘AuS,’ 0.502) (‘AS,’ 0.592)
Transportation Services (TS)	(‘MS,’ 0.295) (‘RB,’ 0.377)	(‘MS,’ 0.243) (‘RB,’ 0.367)	(‘AS,’ 0.951) (‘RB,’ 0.961)	(‘RB,’ 0.951) (‘AS,’ 0.951)	(‘RB,’ 0.623) (‘AuS,’ 0.64)

Figure 10. MDSCIs for eight types of spatial semantics.

Figure 11. Relationships between differences in human mobility and distance for AOI categories.

Data availability statement

Data not available due to legal restrictions.

Due to the nature of this research, participants of this study did not agree for their data to be shared publicly, so supporting data is not available.