Integrated knowledge graph construction framework for places-of-interest retrieval using a property graph database

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual graph model for the PKG.

Table 1. Offered items common across Yelp, FSQ, and Google Maps and sub-entities of OFFERINGS.

Yelp	Foursquare	Google Maps	Sub-entities of OFFERINGS
Alcohol	Beer, Byo, Cocktails, Full_bar, Wine	Alcohol	ALCOHOL
HappyHour	Happy_hour	Happy-hour food, Happy-hour drinks	HAPPYHOUR
BusinessAcceptsCreditCards	Credit_cards	Credit cards, Debit cards	CREDITCARDS
RestaurantsDelivery	Delivery	Delivery	DELIVERY
RestaurantsTakeOut	Takeout	Takeaway	TAKEOUT
OutdoorSeating	Outdoor_seating	Outdoor seating	OUTDOORSEAT
WheelchairAccessible	Wheelchair_accessible	Wheelchair-accessible entrance	WHEELCHAIR

Figure 2. Method of calculating $\mathit{k}$ based on the hierarchical structure of categories.

Figure 3. Data for the test area.

Table 2. Construction results of the PKG.

Entity	POI	CATEGORY	HOUR	MINUTE	OFFERINGS
	4,805	891	24	60	14
	FEATURE	ROAD		WALK	BUILDING
	1,074	8,798		42,992	52,158
Relationship	KIND_OF	PROVIDE	SEMANTIC_SIM	FEATURE_SIM	CATEGORY_SIM
	44,296	196,532	23,083,220	1,152,402	792,990
	HAS	BY_DRIVING	BY_WALKING	SAME_BUILDING	WITHIN
	23,520	20,487	122,004	28,418	6,984
	DAY_OPEN_AT		DAY_CLOSE_AT	ENTER	EXIT
	45,484		45,484	107,467	107,467

Table 3. Available POI counts for OFFERINGS.

	ALCOHOL	CREDITCARDS	HAPPYHOUR	OUTDOORSEAT	DELIVERY	TAKEOUT	WHEELCHAIR
POI counts	995	3,921	476	939	1,014	1,623	915
	Directly linked to PATH			Linked to PATH through BUILDING
POI counts	1,313			3,492

Table 4. POI retrieval results.

Query type	Query with specific conditions	Retrieved POIs	Execution time (ms)
Type 1	1–1. Where are the places included in the similar category with ‘Gyms’ that can be visited early Monday morning (before 6 am)?	‘Orangetheory Fitness Nona,’ ‘Crossfit Milk District,’ ‘Crunch Fitness - Lake Nona,’ ‘Camp Gladiator Orlando,’ ‘Crunch Fitness - East Colonial,’ ‘The Body Club,’ ‘Pure Barre,’ ‘SWEAT,’ ‘Rukus Cycling Studios,’ ‘My House Fitness,’ ‘The Gym Lab,’ ‘Florida Fitness Concepts,’ ‘Signature Fitness,’ ‘The Gym Downtown’	5.3
	1–2. Where are the places included in the similar category with ‘Cafes’ that can be visited at Friday morning (10 am)?	‘Five Star Orlando VIP Tours’	11.3
Type 2	2. Where are the restaurants to visit Saturday morning (between 9 am and 12 pm), providing ‘outdoor seating’ and semantically similar to ‘Mason Jar Provisions?’	‘Choo-Choo Churros,’ ‘Café Linger,’ ‘The Egg & I,’ ‘All American Café & Catering,’ ‘City Diner,’ ‘407 Café,’ ‘The Bistro Restaurant and Bar,’ ‘Grills Lakeside Seafood Deck & Tiki Bar,’ ‘Shakers American Café,’ ‘Johnson’s Diner,’ ‘First Watch,’ ‘Frank’s Bistro,’ ‘Eola General,’ ‘Christo’s Café,’ ‘Benjamin French Bakery Café,’ ‘Mimi’s Café,’ ‘The Kitchen,’ ‘Bamboo Bar & Grille’	382.7
Type 3	3. What is the optimal route to the nearest skate shop from ‘Ski World Orlando’?	‘Galactic G’	126.0
Type 4	4. Where are shoe stores which provide similar featured services to ‘UGG Outlet’? What is the optimal route from ‘Palm Beach Atlantic University Orlando Campus’ by foot or by car?	‘David’s Bridal,’ ‘Nike Factory Store’	420.7 for finding WALKWAY routes 431.3 for finding DRIVEWAY routes
Type 5	5. Where are the cocktail bars with a relaxed atmosphere that we can visit on a Saturday night (after 8 pm) within 10 min by foot from here?	‘Menagerie Eatery & Bar’	111.7
Type 6	6. Which building has the most wheelchair-accessible places?	‘The Mall at Millenia (B112)’ − 11 places	14.7
Type 7	7. Where are the accessory shops which are semantically similar to ‘Pandora’ in the Mall at Millenia (B112)’?	‘Forever 21’	63.3
Type 8	8. Which bar in ‘B393’ is the most similar to the ‘Orange County Brewers’ in ‘B283’? How long does it take to get there, and which way should I go from ‘Orange County Brewers’ to that bar?	‘Cahoots Craft Beer & Arcade Bar’	52.0
Type 9	9. Which café is the most suitable place for people from different areas to gather by foot?	‘The Nook on Robinson,’ ‘Café Brioche Doree Bakery’	5.0 (29,964 for calculating the betweenness centrality of all WALKWAY nodes)

Figure 4. POI retrieval results using the attribute and semantic graphs; entities denoted by the following colors: retrieved place (POI) (orange), CATEGORY (purple), OUTDOORSEAT (beige), FEATURE (yellow), HOUR (light green), and MINUTE (green): (a)–(f) indicate the results to queries 1–5, respectively.

Figure 5. POI retrieval results with optimal routes; entities are denoted by the following node colors: retrieved place (POI) (orange), START (pink), and BUILDING (sky blue). The optimal paths are represented by the directed “PATH_0” type relationships and small beige nodes: (a) query 3, (b) query 5, (c) query 8.

Figure 6. POI retrieval results with optimal routes for query 4; entities denoted by the following node colors: retrieved place (POI) (orange), START (pink), and BUILDING (sky blue): (a) optimal walking paths represented by the directed “PATH_0” type relationships and small beige nodes; (b) optimal driving paths represented by the directed “PATH_0” type relationships and small gray nodes.

Figure 7. Map visualization of extracted optimal walking route (fig. 5(b)) with OSM data for query 5.

Figure 8. Result of query 4 with different similarity criteria: (a) 0.5, (b) 0.7.

Figure 9. POI retrieval results using building nodes for queries 6–8; entities denoted by the following colors: retrieved place (POI) (orange), CATEGORY (purple), WHEELCHAIR (beige), and BUILDING (sky blue): (a)–(d) indicate the results to queries 6–9, respectively.

Figure 10. POI retrieval results for query 9; entities denoted by the following colors: retrieved place (POI) (orange), CATEGORY(purple), FEATURE(yellow), BUILDING(sky blue). The part of the graph with small beige nodes and “PATH_0” type relationships represents the outdoor walking paths, whereas the part of the graph with green nodes and “PATH_0” type relationships represents the indoor walking paths.

Figure 11. Visualization of the extracted optimal path for query 9 using the OSM data and 3D indoor networks.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Youngmin Lee, upon reasonable request.