Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate: Pedagogical Innovation to Enhance Attainment, Engagement, Satisfaction and Employability in Political Science

Figures & data

Table 1. Example of the CDIO process, with reference to a hypothetical project.

Paper cups damage our environment, in their production, use and disposal, through pollution, resource use and waste. 2.5bn are used in the UK each year. Most are not recycled; most cannot be recycled. Is there an alternative?
Conceive	Understand the problem. Identify customer/market need. Consider a range of solutions, including materials and environmental impacts across every step of the produce lifecycle, plus user acceptability. Develop the concept. Develop project plan.
Design	Develop a detailed design, including components, drawings, materials, modeling, manufacturing process, as appropriate.
Implement	Create the prototype, including manufacturing, testing and validating in the workshop environment.
Operate	Test the prototype in a real-life situation. Evaluate efficacy, considering every step of the product lifecycle.

Figure 1. Learning outcomes.