Modeling of food intake: a meta-analytic review

Figures & data

Table 1 Study characteristics for each moderator included in the meta-analysis.

			Participant		Model			Eating context
Authors	Year	Design	Gender	Age	Type	Weight status	Familiarity	Food type	Task type	Concern
Addessi, Galloway, Visalberghi, and Birch	2005	Exp.	Mixed	Children	Live	–	Familiar	Snack	Eating	–
Bevelander, Anschütz et al.	2013	Exp.	Mixed	Children	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	DNC
Bevelander et al.	2012	Exp.	Mixed	Children	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Bevelander, Meiselman, Anschütz, and, Engels	2013	Exp.	Mixed	Children	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Brunner	2010; Study 1	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Brunner	2010; Study 2	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Brunner	2012	Corr.	Female	Adults	–	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	L: Low expressive
										H: High expressive
Conger, Conger, Costanzo, Wright, and Matter	1980	Exp.	Mixed	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Cruwys et al.	2012	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	L: Out-group
										H: In-group
Feeney et al.	2011	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Meal	Non-eating	–
					Remote
Florack, Palcu, and Friese	2013; Study 1	Exp.	Mixed	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Florack et al.	2013; Study 2	Exp.	Female	Adults	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Goldman et al.	1991; Exp. 1	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Meal	Eating	–
Goldman et al.	1991; Exp. 2	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Meal	Eating	–
Herman et al.	2005	Corr.	Female	Adults	–	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	L: Low extraversion
										H: High extraversion
Hermans, Engels, Larsen, and Herman	2009	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	L: Unsociable model
										H: Sociable model
Hermans, Herman, Larsen, and Engels	2010a	Exp.	Male	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Hermans, Herman, Larsen, and Engels	2010b	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Meal	Non-eating	–
Hermans et al.	2008	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	Thin	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
						Normal
Hermans, Larsen, et al.	2009	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Hermans, Larsen, et al.	2012	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Meal	Non-eating	–
Hermans et al.	2013	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	L: Low impulsivity
										H: High impulsivity
Hermans, Salvy, et al.	2012; Exp. 2	Exp.	Female	Adults	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Howland, Hunger, and Mann	2012; Study 2	Exp.	Mixed	Adults	Live	–	Familiar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Johnston	2002; Exp. 1	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	Normal	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
						Obese
McFerran et al.	2010; Exp. 1	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	DNC	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
McFerran et al.	2010; Exp. 2	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	Thin	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
						Obese
Nisbett and Storms	1974; Exp. 1	Exp.	Male	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Pliner and Mann	2004; Exp. 1	Exp.	Female	Adults	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Polivy, Herman, Younger, and Erskine	1979	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Meal	Eating	–
Robinson et al.	2013	Exp.	Female	Adults	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	L: Low empathy
										H: High empathy
Robinson et al.	2011; Study 1	Corr.	Female	Adults	–	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	L: Low empathy
										H: High empathy
Romero, Epstein, and Salvy	2009	Exp.	Female	Children	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Rosenthal and McSweeny	1979; Exp. 2	Exp.	Male	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
			Female
Rosenthal and Marx	1979	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Roth et al.	2001	Exp.	Female	Adults	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Salvy et al.	2009	Corr.	Mixed	Children	–	–	FamiliarUnfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Salvy, Jarrin, et al.	2007	Corr.	Male	Adults	–	–	FamiliarUnfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
			Female
			Mixed
Salvy, Kieffer, and Epstein	2008	Corr.	Mixed	Children	–	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Salvy, Romero, Paluch, and Epstein	2007	Corr.	Female	Children	–	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Salvy, Vartanian, Coelho, Jarrin, and Pliner	2008	Corr.	Mixed	Children	–	–	FamiliarUnfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–
Vartanian et al.	2013; Exp. 1	Exp.	Female	Adults	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Vartanian et al.	2013; Exp. 2	Exp.	Female	Adults	Remote	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Eating	–
Vartanian et al.	2013; Exp. 3	Exp.	Female	Adults	Live	–	Unfamiliar	Snack	Non-eating	–

Notes: Corr, correlational study; Exp, experimental study; DNC, did not code moderator because insufficient data was provided in the study or because the design precluded inclusion in the moderator analysis; L, low concern with eating appropriately; H, high concern with eating appropriately.

Figure 1 Forest plot of effect sizes for all studies included in the meta-analysis. For ease of presentation, an average effect size is provided for each individual study.

Table 2 Moderators of modeling effects.

Moderator	NE	Effect size (r)	95% CI	Z	p
Study design
Experimental	44	.313	.264, .360	11.91	< .001
Correlational	23	.557	.439, .656	7.82	< .001
Participant sex
Female	43	.393	.329, .452	11.19	< .001
Male	5	.173	− .029, .362	1.68	.09
Mixed	19	.450	.320, .564	6.21	< .001
Age group
Children	15	.470	.324, .594	5.75	<  .001
Adults	52	.372	.310, .431	10.90	< .001
Model type
Live model	33	.312	.256, .366	10.30	< .001
Remote confederate	10	.301	.193, .402	5.28	< .001
Model body size
Thin	2	.406	.071, .659	2.35	.02
Normal weight	2	.432	.229, .599	3.95	< .001
Obese	2	.144	− .092, .365	1.20	.23
Familiarity
Familiar	9	.528	.335, .679	4.82	< .001
Unfamiliar	58	.369	.310, .426	11.40	< .001
Food type
Meal	6	.455	.375, .528	9.93	< .001
Snack	61	.381	.318, .440	11.01	< .001
Task type
Eating task	23	.342	.274, .406	9.38	< .001
Incidental access	44	.422	.343, .495	9.53	< .001
Appropriateness concerns
Low	7	.362	.157, .537	3.36	.001
High	7	.507	.258, .693	3.72	< .001

Note: N_E, number of effects.

Figure 2 Forest plot of effect sizes for low-intake confederate condition versus control condition. For ease of presentation, an average effect size is provided for each individual study.

Figure 3 Forest plot of effect sizes for control condition versus high-intake confederate condition. For ease of presentation, an average effect size is provided for each individual study.

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