Ornamental Date Palm and Sidr Trees: Fruit Elements Composition ‎and Concerns Regarding Consumption

Figures & data

Table 1. Collection locations of date and sidr samples with their respective type and level of anthropogenic activity

Location	Anthropogenic activity
	Date samples
	Activity type	Activity level
1	Traffic	low
2	Traffic	high
3	Industrial activities	high
4	Traffic	high
5	Traffic	low
6	Traffic	low
7	Traffic	low
8	Traffic	low
9	Traffic	high
10	Traffic	low
11	Traffic	low
12	Traffic	low
13	Traffic	low
14	Traffic	low
15	Traffic	high
	Sidr samples
1	Traffic	high
2	Traffic	low
3	Traffic	high
4	Industrial activities	high
5	Traffic	high

Figure 1. Locations of collected date and sidr samples in Al Ain city, UAE. 15 locations for date (D), and 5 locations for sidr (S), plus the control location. The gray squares represent the sites with HMs contaminated fruits. https://www.worldmap1.com/map/united-arab-emirates/al-ain-map.asp.

Table 2. Concentrations of heavy metals (mg/kg) in unwashed and washed fruits collected from date palm trees grown as ornamental landscape plants in different locations in Al Ain city

			Unwashed							Washed
Location	Pb	As	Cr	Cd	Al	Sr	Pb	As	Cr	Cd	Al	Sr
Control	<0.011 cx	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	1.3 ± 0.0 e	1.2 ± 0.0 g	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	1.9 ± 0.0 d	1.9 ± 0.0 e
1	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	11.1 ± 0.9 b*	7.9 ± 0.1 e	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	7.7 ± 0.3 b	6.2 ± 0.1 d
2	1.92 ± 0.25 a	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	4.8 ± 0.0 d*	7.6 ± 0.2 e	1.75 ± 0.05 a	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	3.4 ± 0.1 c	6.2 ± 0.7 d
3	1.46 ± 0.072 a	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	6.4 ± 0.6 c*	12.5 ± 0.4 d*	1.25 ± 0.01 ab	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	2.2 ± 0.2 d	9.8 ± 0.2 c
4	1.47 ± 0.001 a	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	4.8 ± 0.3 d*	23.1 ± 0.0 a*	1.11 ± 0.21 ab	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	2.0 ± 0.0 d	20.9 ± 0.3 a
5	0.11 ± 0.01 b	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	10.1 ± 0.3 b*	17.3 ± 0.8 c*	0.08 ± 0.03 b	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	3.0 ± 0.0 cd	14.5 ± 0.2 bc
6	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	6.3 ± 0.0 c	3.8 ± 0.1 f	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	5.8 ± 0.1 b	3.6 ± 0.1 e
7	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	6.0 ± 0.1 c*	3.2 ± 0.1 f	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	2.9 ± 0.1 c	3.6 ± 0.1 e
8	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	5.3 ± 0.1 c*	15.1 ± 0.2 c	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	3.3 ± 0.1 c	14.6 ± 1.5 bc
9	1.23 ± 0.01 a	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	4.2 ± 0.2 d	15.8 ± 0.2 c	1.03 ± 0.01 ab	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	3.2 ± 0.1 c	15.8 ± 0.2 b
10	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	8.7 ± 0.1 c	6.3 ± 0.1 e	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	8.2 ± 0.7 b	6.1 ± 0.0 d
11	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	9.9 ± 0.9 b	16.0 ± 0.2 c	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	9.8 ± 0.2 a	15.3 ± 0.4 b
12	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	10.3 ± 0.8 b*	12.0 ± 0.6 d	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	3.7 ± 0.1 c	11.1 ± 0.8 c
13	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	11.2 ± 0.9 b	8.6 ± 0.7 e	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	10.9 ± 0.6 a	8.2 ± 0.2 c
14	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	6.6 ± 0.3 c	19.4 ± 0.9 b*	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	6.3 ± 0.5 b	15.2 ± 0.5 b
15	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	13.3 ± 0.7 a*	15.3 ± 1.1 c	<0.011 c	<0.009 a	<0.005 a	<0.001 a	9.1 ± 0.9 a	13.9 ± 0.4 bc
WHO/FAOy MALsz	0.1	0.1	2.3	0.2	-	-	0.1	0.1	2.3	0.2	-	-

^xData represent mean ± SE (n = 3). Means with different letter(s) in the same row are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 using LSD test, and means with ‘*’ of unwashed is significant compared to washed using t test.

^yWHO/FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization

^zMALs = maximum allowable limits (mg/kg) set by (WHO/FAO 2007 and 2011. ‘–‘ = no established MAL

Table 3. Concentrations of macro elements (mg/kg) in unwashed and washed fruits collected from date palm trees grown as ornamental landscape plants at different locations in Al Ain city

Location		Unwashed					Washed
	K	P	Mg	Ca	Na	S	K	P	Mg	Ca	Na	S
Control	2774.6 ± 12.5dx	434.4 ± 6.8d*	236.2 ± 4.3e	289.6 ± 4.0 f	27.6 ± 1.0d	378.7 ± 1.0d*	2753.5 ± 32.6 cd	413.3 ± 2.1 c	223.0 ± 2.6d	283.6 ± 2.2 f	46.2 ± 0.5 c	330.0 ± 2.2 c
1	4576.9 ± 37.6b	679.5 ± 5.2b*	478.0 ± 5.2 c	337.6 ± 9.5e*	51.6 ± 1.4 cd	445.1 ± 1.4bc*	4532.1 ± 47.2b	603.7 ± 7.0b	469.5 ± 3.9bc	308.2 ± 2.8ef	49.2 ± 1.4 c	339.1 ± 1.4 c
2	4268.0 ± 68.9b*	632.0 ± 2.8b*	515.9 ± 5.3b*	466.5 ± 14.1d*	45.9 ± 1.4d*	513.0 ± 2.3b*	3849.9 ± 52.1bc	577.5 ± 3.6 c	489.6 ± 4.7 c	372.9 ± 4.7e	35.0 ± 1.3d	426.3 ± 2.2b
3	4294.7 ± 58.0b*	698.6 ± 5.1ab*	585.7 ± 7.1b*	399.5 ± 3.4de*	51.7 ± 2.0 cd*	517.9 ± 1.3b*	3859.7 ± 68.3bc	595.6 ± 5.7bc	496.5 ± 1.4bc	299.3 ± 4.7 f	39.5 ± 1.2d	470.7 ± 2.1b
4	1658.1 ± 13.8e	226.4 ± 5.3e	244.5 ± 4.0e	477.6 ± 3.0d*	17.5 ± 1.3 f	140.3 ± 2.5 f*	1646.5 ± 17.0e	218.8 ± 10.0e	236.8 ± 0.8d	405.4 ± 12.1d	17.3 ± 1.0e	126.4 ± 1.5e
5	5019.3 ± 30.3a*	705.9 ± 1.1ab*	644.3 ± 1.8a*	710.6 ± 39.5b*	30.3 ± 0.6e*	488.5 ± 5.0bc*	4462.8 ± 17.8b	612.2 ± 4.1b	555.7 ± 3.8ab	604.1 ± 7.1b	26.2 ± 0.9d	442.7 ± 5.1bc
6	5731.5 ± 13.9a*	487.5 ± 5.8 cd	551.4 ± 2.9b	339.8 ± 4.1e	31.0 ± 0.3e	679.5 ± 2.9a	5718.4 ± 89.3a	485.1 ± 4.6 cd	544.7 ± 1.6ab	336.0 ± 1.2e	31.0 ± 0.1de	677.8 ± 2.6a
7	3913.9 ± 136.2bc	628.3 ± 3.1b*	370.7 ± 1.8d*	298.6 ± 6.6ef*	74.2 ± 0.6b*	487.5 ± 3.0bc	3193.2 ± 60.3 c	591.6 ± 2.1bc	337.3 ± 4.3 c	271.8 ± 4.8 f	71.2 ± 1.3ab	386.1 ± 5.7bc
8	3142.8 ± 26.1 c*	589.8 ± 6.6 c*	579.9 ± 6.9b*	638.3 ± 5.1 c*	60.2 ± 1.1 c*	420.2 ± 6.8 c	2862.2 ± 44.9 cd	524.0 ± 8.0b	541.9 ± 2.5ab	600.6 ± 6.8b	57.1 ± 2.8b	400.3 ± 1.2 c
9	4257.7 ± 35.8b*	508.0 ± 5.3 cd*	555.4 ± 3.5ab*	728.6 ± 6.3b*	82.4 ± 2.0a	536.8 ± 1.6b*	3566.7 ± 69.4 c	447.4 ± 2.5 c	469.8 ± 3.8bc	674.1 ± 3.8bc	79.1 ± 0.2a	481.0 ± 1.2b
10	2264.7 ± 57.1d	342.5 ± 2.7de*	284.2 ± 2.2e	490.5 ± 5.1de*	57.6 ± 1.4 c*	226.1 ± 2.6e	2233.2 ± 61.4d	368.0 ± 2.0d	274.3 ± 8.1d	428.1 ± 1.4d	62.4 ± 0.9b	252.2 ± 10.6d
11	4838.5 ± 12.2b	696.3 ± 4.8ab	630.6 ± 6.4a*	849.6 ± 22.2a*	57.4 ± 1.2 c	639.4 ± 8.1a	4812.2 ± 74.6ab	624.3 ± 1.4b	622.6 ± 4.6a	809.3 ± 2.0a	57.0 ± 3.8b	693.1 ± 3.9a
12	5266.3 ± 32.1a*	671.0 ± 1.3b*	568.0 ± 8.0ab*	805.8 ± 16.5a*	28.4 ± 0.0 d*	653.3 ± 9.6a*	5096.6 ± 38.5a	614.3 ± 3.5b	502.5 ± 3.2b	699.4 ± 2.2b	24.3 ± 1.1de	559.4 ± 5.1ab
13	5574.7 ± 22.0a*	798.5 ± 5.8a	677.0 ± 7.4a*	630.6 ± 15.1 c*	89.7 ± 1.6a*	667.0 ± 9.2a*	5429.9 ± 62.0a	797.8 ± 7.2a	629.0 ± 4.4a	621.3 ± 6.2b	82.8 ± 1.8a	606.7 ± 3.3a
14	4382.4 ± 63.8b*	688.8 ± 2.9b*	558.0 ± 3.3b*	466.0 ± 2.2d*	15.5 ± 0.0 f	569.8 ± 6.4b*	3773.5 ± 46.5bc	622.7 ± 7.5b	526.1 ± 2.9ab	426.1 ± 3.3d	21.0 ± 2.1de	481.2 ± 3.1b
15	4697.3 ± 58.2b*	653.3 ± 1.3b	606.7 ± 4.4ab*	678.0 ± 2.8 c*	20.8 ± 0.0 f	469.9 ± 5.2 c	4039.3 ± 23.9b	623.8 ± 5.6b	598.5 ± 5.2a	604.9 ± 3.4b	23.6 ± 0.6d	466.4 ± 5.0bc

^xData represent mean ± SE (n = 3). Means with different letter(s) in the same column are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 using LSD test, and means with ‘*’ of unwashed is significant compared to washed using t test.

Table 4. Concentrations of trace elements (mg/kg) in unwashed and washed fruits collected from date palm trees grown as ornamentals at different locations in Al Ain city

	Unwashed					Washed
Location	Ni	Cu	Zn	Fe	Mn	Ni	Cu	Zn	Fe	Mn
Control	0.5 ± 0.0 cx	0.8 ± 0.0 c	0.9 ± 0.8 e	2.8 ± 0.2 e*	0.7 ± 0.0 e	0.4 ± 0.0 a	0.8 ± 0.0 d	0.5 ± 0.5 d	2.4 ± 0.0 e	0.7 ± 0.0 d
1	<0.0 e	0.9 ± 0.0 c	2.5 ± 0.3 c	13.1 ± 0.0 c*	2.8 ± 0.1 c	<0.0 c	0.9 ± 0.0 d	2.2 ± 0.2 c	12.8 ± 0.5 c	2.8 ± 0.4 b
2	0.5 ± 0.2 c	1.2 ± 0.0 b	3.5 ± 0.2 bc	12.1 ± 0.3 c*	3.1 ± 0.2 b	0.5 ± 0.0 a	1.0 ± 0.0 d	2.6 ± 0.2 c	6.6 ± 0.2 e	2.2 ± 0.0 b
3	0.7 ± 0.0 a*	3.1 ± 0.1 a	4.2 ± 0.3 b	15.9 ± 0.4 bc*	4.2 ± 0.0 ab	0.2 ± 0.0 b	3.0 ± 0.1 b	4.1 ± 0.1 b	8.9 ± 0.3 d	3.5 ± 0.1 ab
4	<0.0 e	1.6 ± 0.0 b	2.2 ± 0.3 c	8.7 ± 0.1 d*	1.4 ± 0.0 d	<0.0 c	1.6 ± 0.1 d	2.1 ± 0.5 c	3.8 ± 0.0 e	1.3 ± 0.0 c
5	0.7 ± 0.0 a*	1.5 ± 0.0 b	2.6 ± 0.0 c	18.6 ± 0.3 b*	3.5 ± 0.2 b	0.4 ± 0.1 a	1.2 ± 0.0 d	2.7 ± 0.0 c	16.0 ± 0.1 b	3.1 ± 0.1 b
6	0.2 ± 0.1 d	2.0 ± 0.0 ab	3.5 ± 0.0 bc	15.7 ± 0.3 bc	2.4 ± 0.0 c	0.2 ± 0.1 b	2.0 ± 0.1 cd	3.4 ± 0.1 bc	12.6 ± 0.6 c	2.4 ± 0.2 b
7	<0.0 e	1.3 ± 0.0 b	2.8 ± 0.0 c	12.0 ± 0.3 c	1.4 ± 0.0 d	<0.0 e	1.2 ± 0.2 d	2.4 ± 0.0 c	7.6 ± 1.2 de	1.2 ± 0.1 c
8	0.5 ± 0.2 c	1.2 ± 0.0 b	2.3 ± 0.0 c	12.6 ± 0.1 c*	5.0 ± 0.1 a	0.5 ± 0.0 a	1.1 ± 0.0 d	2.2 ± 0.2 c	8.9 ± 0.7 d	4.6 ± 0.2 a
9	0.6 ± 0.0 ab*	1.5 ± 0.2 b	2.7 ± 0.5 c	17.7 ± 0.9 b	1.9 ± 0.0 cd	0.4 ± 0.1 a	0.9 ± 0.0 d	2.3 ± 0.2 c	9.0 ± 0.2 d	1.6 ± 0.0 cd
10	0.4 ± 0.0 c*	1.0 ± 0.0 c	2.9 ± 0.1 c	14.7 ± 0.4 bc*	1.5 ± 0.0 d	0.2 ± 0.1 b	1.0 ± 0.0 c	2.6 ± 0.9 c	13.8 ± 0.3 c	1.4 ± 0.0 c
11	0.6 ± 0.35ab*	2.2 ± 0.1 ab	5.4 ± 0.4 a	17.2 ± 0.9 b	4.3 ± 0.0 ab	0.3 ± 0.0 ab	2.1 ± 0.0 c	5.3 ± 0.5 a	16.6 ± 0.3 b	3.8 ± 0.0 ab
12	0.4 ± 0.0 c	2.9 ± 0.1 a	4.7 ± 0.2 b	18.4 ± 0.9 b*	2.1 ± 0.0 c	0.4 ± 0.0 a	2.4 ± 0.0 c	4.2 ± 0.2 b	9.6 ± 0.7 d	1.6 ± 0.0 c
13	<0.0 e	1.7 ± 0.1 b	4.6 ± 0.9 b	25.4 ± 0.8 a*	3.4 ± 0.3 b	<0.0 c	1.3 ± 0.0 d	4.3 ± 0.0 b	24.3 ± 1.8 a	3.3 ± 0.0 b
14	0.3 ± .0 d*	2.4 ± 0.1 ab	2.7 ± 0.1 c	11.8 ± 0.5 c	2.9 ± 0.0 b	0.2 ± 0.0 b	2.0 ± 0.0 c	2.6 ± 0.4 c	7.7 ± 0.6 de	2.7 ± 0.1 b
15	0.3 ± 0.0 d*	3.2 ± 0.0 a	2.8 ± 0.3 c	16.4 ± 0.4 bc	3.3 ± 0.2 b	0.2 ± 0.0 b	4.2 ± 0.1 a	2.0 ± 0.5 c	12.5 ± 0.5 c	3.2 ± 0.1 b

^xData represent mean ± SE (n = 3). Means with different letter(s) in the same column are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 using LSD test, and means with ‘*’ of unwashed is significant compared to washed using t test.

Table 5. Concentrations of macro elements and trace elements (mg/kg) in unwashed and washed fruits collected from sidr trees grown as ornamental landscape plants at different locations in Al Ain city

	Unwashed						Washed
Location	Control	1	2	3	4	5	Control	1	2	3	4	5
K	18927.2 ± 87.1 ax	12725.9 ± 31.5 b	18514.4 ± 99.4 a	9869.5 ± 39.6 c	12638.4 ± 89.3 b	13445.7 ± 92.9 b	18047.2 ± 83.5 a	12553.8 ± 31.1b	18220.4 ± 9 a	9449.1 ± 51.1 c	12132.4 ± 79.2 b	13115.7 ± 7.3b
Ca	1959.1 ± 33.1 d*	1343.8 ± 21.3 e*	2305.7 ± 75.5 c*	2866.2 ± 36.4a*	2322.7 ± 65.3 c*	2632.3 ± 67.5 b*	1989.1 ± 68.0 d	1116.7 ± 49.4 e	2261.1 ± 68.5 c	2742.5 ± 76.6 a	2289.1 ± 45.8 c	2578.2 ± 5.5b
P	1332.2 ± 12.5 a*	1369.1 ± 45.4 a*	1210.8 ± 41.6 b*	1243.7 ± 76.7 b*	1244.8 ± 34.5 b*	1268.8 ± 39.6 b*	1319.2 ± 3.3 a	1324.9 ± 14.8 a	1181.2 ± 60.5 c	1217.7 ± 18.4 b	1134.8 ± 23.5 c	1218.8 ± 33.2 b
Mg	722.6 ± 52.6 a*	554.7 ± 7.3 b*	789.1 ± 23.1 a*	721.3 ± 16.7 a	677.8 ± 25.2 a*	731.1 ± 28.3 a*	731.7 ± 31.4 a	524.47 ± 18.1 b	728.5 ± 20.1 a	726.8 ± 15.5 a	671.5 ± 22.4 a	721.1 ± 25.6 a
S	677.4 ± 33.6 a*	411.4 ± 9.5 b*	694.0 ± 3.9 a*	248.9 ± 1.5 d	341.2 ± 4.2 c*	611.3 ± 4.1 a*	590.1 ± 35.9 a	407.1 ± 1.2 b	638.5 ± 43.2 a	245.4 ± 0.1 c	323.1 ± 5.4 b	600.6 ± 3.7a
Na	96.2 ± 2.9 b*	120.6 ± 3.56 a	85.0 ± 2.6 c*	85.8 ± 0.0 c*	93.2 ± 3.1 c*	87.2 ± 3.1 c*	93.1 ± 3.8 b	113.4 ± 1.4 a	79.5 ± 6.6 c	82.3 ± 3.02 c	86.3 ± 3.4 c	81.1 ± 2.9 c
Ni	3.6 ± 0.0 d	9.8 ± 0.6 a*	3.5 ± 0.0 d	6.0 ± 0.5 b	4.5 ± 0.1 c	3.5 ± 0.1 d	3.0 ± 0.0 c	6.2 ± 0.4 a	2.8 ± 0.4 c	4.8 ± 0.2 b	4.1 ± 0.1 b	3.4 ± 0.1 bc
Cu	3.4 ± 0.02 a	3.9 ± 0.03 a	3.4 ± 0.0 a	2.3 ± 0.0 b	2.9 ± 0.1 b	3.6 ± 0.1 a	2.7 ± 0.4 b	3.6 ± 0.0 a	3.0 ± 0.0 ab	2.3 ± 0.3 b	2.8 ± 0.1 b	3.7 ± 0.1 a
Fe	26.9 ± 4.2 b*	89.8 ± 9.6 a*	29.6 ± 2.9 b*	32.7 ± 4.4 b*	33.5 ± 2.9 b*	39.2 ± 2.7 b*	20.2 ± 0.2 b	73.6 ± 5.4 a	26.1 ± 1.3 b	31.5 ± 3.3 b	28.6 ± 2.1 b	31.6 ± 2.7 b
Zn	10.1 ± 0.5 a*	7.7 ± 2.7 c*	11.3 ± 0.5 a	8.9 ± 1.6 b	9.3 ± 0.4 ab	8.8 ± 0.2 b	8.4 ± 0.0 b	6.3 ± 0.3 c	10.5 ± 0.3 a	8.7 ± 3.2 b	9.1 ± 0.3 ab	8.2 ± 0.1 b
Mn	3.7 ± 0.0 ab	4.1 ± 0.6 a*	3.3 ± 0.1 b*	2.9 ± 0.4 b	3.3 ± 0.1 b*	3.2 ± 0.1 b*	3.0 ± 0.0 a	3.7 ± 0.1 a	2.3 ± 0.1 b	2.5 ± 0.8 b	3.1 ± 0.1 a	3.1 ± 0.1 a

^aData represent mean ± SE (n = 3). Means with different letter(s) in the same row are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 using LSD test, and means with ‘*’ of unwashed is significant compared to washed using t test.

Table 6. Concentration of micronutrient and heavy metals (mg/kg) in unwashed and washed fruits collected from sidr trees grown as ornamental landscape trees in different regions in Al Ain city areas

	Unwashed						Washed						WHO/FAOy MALsz
	Control	1	2	3	4	5	Control	1	2	3	4	5
Pb	<0.011ax	<0.011a	<0.011a	<0.011a	<0.011 a	<0.011a	<0.011a	<0.011a	<0.011a	<0.011a	<0.011a	<0.011a	0.1
As	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	<0.009a	0.1
Cd	<0.001 c	0.94 ± 0.001b	<0.001 c	2.30 ± 0.02a*	<0.001 c	<0.001 c	<0.001 c	0.86 ± 0.05b	<0.001 c	1.58 ± 0.01a	<0.001 c	<0.001 c	0.2
Cr	1.6 ± 0.0 c	2.5 ± 0.0a	1.7 ± 0.0b	2.7 ± 0.0a	1.6 ± 0.0b	1.9 ± 0.0b	1.4 ± 0.0b	1.5 ± 0.0b	1.4 ± 0.0b	2.5 ± 0.0a	1.4 ± 0.0b	1.5 ± 0.0b	2.3
Al	9.9 ± 0.6b*	10.7 ± 0.2a	9.1 ± 0.2b*	9.1 ± 0.2b*	9.4 ± 0.2b*	9.6 ± 0.1b*	5.3 ± 0.4 c	9.7 ± 0.3 a	4.6 ± 0.0c	7.6 ± 0.4b	6.7 ± 0.1 c	6.2 ± 0.1 c	-

^xValues are the mean (n = 3) ± SE. Means with different letter(s) in the same row are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 using LSD test, and means with ‘*’ of unwashed is significant compared to washed using t test.

^yWHO/FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization

^zMALs means maximum allowable limit (mg/kg) set by (WHO/FAO 2007 and 2011).’ – ’ means no stablished MAL.