Anthocyanins and the Antioxidant Capacities of Wild Berries that Grow in Shizuoka, Japan

Figures & data

Table 1. Anthocyanin (μmol/100 g of dry weight) and total polyphenol (mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g of dry weight) contents of each berry.

Species	Cy-3-glc^1	Cy-3-rut^2	Cy-3-sop^3	Cy-3-xyl^4
Rubus hirsutus Thunb.	0.73 ± 0.03	ND	ND	ND
Rubus microphyllus L. fil.	0.48 ± 0.03	ND	ND	ND
Rubus palmatus Thunb.	ND	ND	ND	ND
Rubus trifidus Thunb.	0.32 ± 0.04	ND	ND	ND
Rubus X medius Kuntze	ND	ND	ND	ND
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)	60.50 ± 1.93	ND	ND	6.27 ± 0.35
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)	1.71 ± 0.08	0.32 ± 0.04	9.67 ± 0.08	ND
Species	Pg-3-glc^5	Unknown anthocyanin	Total anthocyanin	Total polyphenol
Rubus hirsutus Thunb.	7.90 ± 0.22	ND	8.63 ± 0.25	47.49 ± 0.50^b
Rubus microphyllus L. fil.	5.50 ± 0.15	ND	5.97 ± 0.18	66.88 ± 1.48^c
Rubus palmatus Thunb.	ND	ND	ND	57.56 ± 1.28^b
Rubus trifidus Thunb.	0.74 ± 0.02	ND	1.06 ± 0.06	36.77 ± 0.43^a
Rubus X medius Kuntze	1.52 ± 0.05	ND	1.52 ± 0.05	43.10 ± 0.90^b
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)	ND	4.35 ± 0.31	71.12 ± 2.59	131.18 ± 2.03^d
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)	ND	2.10 ± 0.32	13.82 ± 0.56	45.06 ± 1.28^b

Values are means ± standard deviations (n = 3); ND: not detected. ¹Cyanidin-3-glucoside. ²Cyanidin-3-rutinoside. ³Cyanidin-3-sophoroside. ⁴Cyanidin-3-xyloside. ⁵Pelargonidin-3-glucoside.

Values that are followed by different letters within each column are significantly different (p < .05).

Table 2. Antioxidant activity of each berry.

Species	ORAC^1	DPPH^2	FRAP^3	ABTS^4
Rubus hirsutus Thunb.	5.7 ± 0.8^b	38.4 ± 1.4^b	56.7 ± 3.2^d	54.0 ± 1.6^b
Rubus microphyllus L. fil.	8.1 ± 0.6^c	50.3 ± 0.1^d	58.2 ± 1.7^d	69.2 ± 2.9^d
Rubus palmatus Thunb.	5.6 ± 0.6^b	42.1 ± 2.8^c	53.4 ± 3.8^c	53.0 ± 0.6^b
Rubus trifidus Thunb.	3.0 ± 0.3^a	28.3 ± 1.3^a	37.0 ± 2.8^a	15.0 ± 0.9^a
Rubus X medius Kuntze	4.9 ± 0.4^b	44.2 ± 1.7^c	42.2 ± 0.8^b	56.0 ± 1.9^c
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)	14.1 ± 0.9^d	35.1 ± 1.9^b	83.8 ± 4.7^d	57.2 ± 2.4^c
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)	5.5 ± 0.3^b	42.4 ± 2.5^c	45.4 ± 1.8^b	68.4 ± 7.8^d

^aExpressed as μmol Trolox equivalents per g of dry weight. The total antioxidant activity (ORAC value) is the sum of ORAC-H and ORAC-L values. Values are means ± standard deviations (SDs).

^bExpressed as percentage scavenging of DPPH radicals at 50 μg/mL. Values are means ± SDs.

^cExpressed as μmol Trolox equivalents per g of dry weight. Values are means ± SDs.

^dExpressed as percentage scavenging of ABTS radicals at 0.33 mg/mL. Values are means ± SDs.

Values that are followed by different letters within each column are significantly different (p < .05).