Figure 1. Schematic illustrating the mechanism by which ketoconazole exacerbates mitophagy to induce apoptosis in HCC. Ketoconazole-induced downregulation of PTGS2 activates PINK1-PRKN signaling, which initiates and exacerbates mitophagy of healthy mitochondria. The induction of excessive mitophagy leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent apoptosis, resulting in growth suppression of HCC. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
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