Pairing parents and offspring's HemoTypeSC Test to validate results and confirm sickle cell pedigree:  a case study in Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual diagram.

Figure 2. Distribution frequencies of the 58 children tested in the study settings.

Table 1. Distribution frequency of parents’ characteristics for 58 children.

Religion	%	Workplace	%	Ethnic group	%	Education	%
Assemblée de Dieu	25.9	Nurse	17.2	Topoke	25.9	Superior	31.0
Catholics	22.4	Student	12.1	Lokele	13.8	Diploma	27.6
Protestant	8.6	Retailer	10.3	Mbuza	6.9	Secondary	29.3
Baptiste	6.9	Resourceful	8.6	Mongo	5.2	Primary	6.9
Jehovah	3.4	State	6.9	Mombesa	5.2	Student	3.4
Jesus la porte	3.4	Teacher	5.2	Mosoko	5.2	No	1.7
Cite bethel	1.7	DGRPT	3.4	Tetela	5.2	Total	100
Christ vie	1.7	Agent INPP	3.4	Budu	3.4
Reveille	1.7	Pastor	3.4	Minyamituku	3.4
Celpa	1.7	Doctor	3.4	Muyongo	3.4
Corps du christ	1.7	Vendor	3.4	Ngwandi	3.4
Renouveau dans l’esprit	1.7	Car driver	3.4	Mugenia	3.4
Philadelphia	1.7	Agronomy	1.7	Mushi	1.7
Piscine de guerison	1.7	Ingenieur	1.7	Lubakat	1.7
Kimbanguiste	1.7	BRALIMA	1.7	Mongelema	1.7
Eglise des oins	1.7	Journalist	1.7	Mubuyu	1.7
Benediction	1.7	School	1.7	Boa	1.7
La borne	1.7	REGIDESO	1.7	Ngbetu	1.7
CNCA	1.7	MONUSCO	1.7	Muluba	1.7
Maranatha	1.7	Secretary	1.7	Missing	3.4
CHRISCO	1.7	Policeman	1.7	Total	100
Muslim	1.7	Diamond	1.7
Armée du Salut	1.7	Military	1.7
Total	100	Total	100

Table 2. Distribution frequency of parent and child genotype result by child characteristics.

Genotype		Child age										Total
Child	Parent		New born		Infant		Pre-school		Teenager		Total
			N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
AA	AA/AA		2	3.4	3	5.2	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	8.6
	Total		0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	8.6
AS	AA/SS		0	0.0	2	3.4	1	1.7	8	13.8	11	19.0
	SS/AA		0	0.0	1	1.7	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	1.7
	Total		0	0.0	3	5.2	1	1.7	8	13.8	12	20.7
SS	AS/AS		7	12.1	14	24.1	8	13.8	8	13.8	37	63.8
	AS/xx*		1	1.7	0	0.0	1	1.7	2	3.4	4	6.9
	Total		8	13.8	14	24.1	9	15.5	10	17.2	41	70.7
Total	AA/AA		2	3.4	3	5.2	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	8.6
	AA/SS		0	0.0	2	3.4	1	1.7	8	13.8	11	19.0
	AS/AS		7	12.1	14	24.1	8	13.8	8	13.8	37	63.8
	AS/xx*		1	1.7	0	0.0	1	1.7	2	3.4	4	6.9
	SS/AA		0	0.0	1	1.7	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	1.7
	Total		10	17.2	20	34.5	10	17.2	18	31.0	58	100

Note: AS/xx* =  father unknown.

Table 3. Factors related to the risk of encountering HbSS children than AS or AA.

Factor	Class			Statistics
EDUCATION	LEVEL 0–4	LEVEL 5	TOTAL	Odds ratio	0.1697
HbSS	33	8	41	95% CI:	0.0493–0.5845
NOT	7	10	17	z statistic	2.811
TOTAL	40	18	58	Significance level	P = 0.0049**
ETHNIC	LOKELE	TOPOKE	TOTAL	Odds ratio	0.0667
HbSS	8	8	16	95% CI:	0.0033–1.3613
NOT	0	7	7	z statistic	1.760
TOTAL	8	15	23	Significance level	P = 0.0785
PAROUS	1–3 CHILDREN	4–7 CHILDREN	TOTAL	Odds ratio	1.9250
HbSS	20	21	41	95% CI:	0.5986–6.1907
NOT	11	6	17	z statistic	1.099
TOTAL	31	27	58	Significance level	P = 0.2718
HOSPITAL	COMMUNAUTE	NVDP	TOTAL	Odds ratio	0.0085
HbSS	2	18	20	95% CI:	0.0007–0.1046
NOT	13	1	14	z statistic	3.727
TOTAL	19	15	34	Significance level	P = 0.0002
COMMUNE	MAKISO	MANGOBO	TOTAL	Odds ratio	6.2857
HbSS	22	7	29	95% CI:	1.7171–23.0093
NOT	6	12	18	z statistic	2.777
TOTAL	28	19	47	Significance level	P = 0.0055

https://www.medcalc.org/calc/odds_ratio.php