Organizational culture and turnover intention among primary care providers: a multilevel study in four large cities in China

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistical data of the participants and affiliated CHCs.

	Overall398		Physicians224		Nurses174
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Individual characteristics (N = 398)
Sex
Female	305	76.63	134	59.82	171	98.28
Male	93	23.37	90	40.18	3	1.72
Age
<30	130	32.66	62	27.68	68	39.08
31–40	168	42.21	99	44.20	69	39.66
41–50	87	21.86	54	24.11	33	18.97
>50	13	3.27	9	4.02	4	2.30
Marital status
Unmarried	75	18.84	50	22.32	25	14.37
Married	323	81.16	174	77.68	149	85.63
Education
High school or below	21	5.28	9	4.02	12	6.90
Junior college and above	377	94.72	215	95.98	162	93.10
Years of working
<5	137	34.42	83	37.05	54	31.03
6–10	108	27.14	53	23.66	55	31.61
>10	153	38.44	88	39.29	65	37.36
Working hours per week
<40	93	23.37	44	19.64	49	28.16
41–49	218	54.77	123	54.91	95	54.60
50–56	39	9.80	27	12.05	12	6.90
>57	48	12.06	30	13.39	18	10.34
	n			%
Organizational characteristics (N = 38)
Organizational size
≤35	13			34.21
36–55	7			18.42
56–100	7			18.42
>100	11			28.95
Ownership
Government	23			60.53
Public hospital	15			39.47

Table 2. Mean (M), standard deviations (SD), correlations, and reliabilities of the variables.

		M ± SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1	Turnover intention^a	0.32 ± 0.47	—
2	Sex	35.02 ± 7.81	−0.097	—
3	Gender^a	0.23 ± 0.42	−0.024	0.058	—
4	Marital status^a	0.81 ± 0.39	−0.067	0.398***	−0.022	—
5	Education^a	0.95 ± 0.22	−0.030	−0.039	0.024	−0.056	—
6	Years of working	10.90 ± 8.46	−0.097	0.837***	0.001	0.403***	−0.092	—
7	Working hours per week	47.14 ± 9.91	0.064	−0.016	0.113*	−0.009	0.020	−0.073	—
8	Ownership^a	1.37 ± 0.48	0.064	0.021	0.082	−0.15**	0.157**	−0.122*	0.151**	—
9	Organizational size	80.32 ± 67.16	−0.028	0.024	−0.093	0.052	−0.034	0.090*	−0.170***	−0.576***	—
10	Burnout	2.47 ± 1.01	0.335***	−0.034	0.023	0.051	0.008	0.023	0.099**	−0.074	0.024	0.87
11	Work-family conflict	4.02 ± 1.63	0.224***	0.120**	0.062	0.105*	−0.041	0.125**	0.242***	0.007	−0.038	0.650***	0.91
12	Organizational commitment	3.98 ± 0.93	−0.321***	0.194***	0.017	0.119*	−0.018	0.202***	0.009	−0.004	0.018	−0.446***	−0.342***	0.95

Note: N = 398. Turnover intention: disagree to leave = 0, agree to leave = 1. Sex: female = 0, male = 1. Marital status: not married = 0, married = 1. Education: higher school or below = 0, junior college and above = 1. Ownership: government-managed CHCs = 1, public hospital-managed CHCs = 2.

*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. Reliability coefficients, Cronbach alpha, appear along the diagonal.

^aSpearman correlation.

Table 3. Organizational culture in 38 CHCs and the turnover intention of 398 physicians and nurses across four organizational cultures.

	Overall (N = 38)	Not intent to leave	Intent to leave	Percent of the intention to leave
Organizational culture	N (%)	n	n	%	χ^2	p-value
Group culture	21 (55.26)	142	60	29.70	15.13	0.002
Development culture	3 (7.89)	23	3	11.54
Hierarchical culture	9 (23.68)	75	57	43.18
Rational culture	5 (13.16)	30	8	21.05

Note: Turnover intention and the percent of the intention to leave are counted by each organizational culture type.

Table 4. Results of the hierarchical logistic regression analysis.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Sex (ref. = female)	0.801	[0.441,1.453]	0.795	[0.438,1.441]	0.804	[0.445,1.452]	0.788	[0.435,1.428]
Age	0.995	[0.934,1.060]	0.992	[0.931,1.056]	1	[0.939,1.065]	0.993	[0.932,1.058]
Marital status (ref = unmarried)	0.761	[0.383,1.509]	0.778	[0.393,1.542]	0.709	[0.359,1.401]	0.714	[0.359,1.421]
Education (ref = high school or below)	0.575	[0.193,1.713]	0.584	[0.198,1.720]	0.605	[0.207,1.767]	0.574	[0.194,1.703]
Years of working	1.003	[0.946,1.064]	1.003	[0.946,1.064]	1.001	[0.945,1.061]	1.006	[0.948,1.067]
Working hours per week	0.993	[0.965,1.022]	0.992	[0.965,1.021]	0.986	[0.959,1.015]	0.993	[0.965,1.021]
Organizational size	0.997	[0.991,1.003]	1.002	[0.994,1.009]	1	[0.994,1.005]	0.997	[0.991,1.003]
Ownership (ref = government-sponsored)	1.498	[0.618,3.629]	1.593	[0.693,3.660]	2.310*	[1.029,5.185]	1.32	[0.586,2.976]
Burnout	1.809***	[1.285,2.548]	1.818***	[1.294,2.556]	1.763**	[1.257,2.473]	1.803***	[1.282,2.536]
Work-family conflict	1.025	[0.827,1.270]	1.024	[0.827,1.269]	1.056	[0.853,1.307]	1.029	[0.830,1.277]
Organizational commitment	0.568***	[0.417,0.776]	0.562***	[0.412,0.766]	0.557***	[0.410,0.758]	0.551***	[0.404,0.752]
Group culture (ref = non-group culture)	0.789	[0.372,1.674]
Development culture (ref = non-development culture)			0.158	[0.0214,1.168]
Hierarchical culture (ref = non-hierarchical culture)					3.435***	[1.662,7.098]
Rational culture (ref = non-rational culture)							0.319*	[0.102,0.998]

Note: OR = Odds ratio. t statistics in parentheses. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. In model 1, group culture is the key independent variable, and the non-group culture as reference; In model 2, development culture is the key independent variable, and the non- development culture as reference; In model 3, hierarchical culture is the key independent variable, and the non-hierarchical culture as reference; In model 4, rational culture is the key independent culture, and the non-rational culture as the reference.