Social connectedness, life satisfaction and school engagement: moderating role of ethnic minority status on resilience processes of Roma youth

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hypothesized path model.

Table 1. Sample descriptives by ethnic group.

	Roma n = 121		Mainstream n = 143		Group comparison
	N	%	N	%
Age
Range	10–18		14–17		t (1, 264) = .681, p = .497
Mean (SD)	15.83	1.36	15.94	1.00
Gender
Male	55		62		χ² (1, N = 264) =. 117, p = .732
Female	66		81
Maternal education
No education	9	7.4	1	.7	χ² (5, N = 264) = 162.79, p < .001
Primary	20	16.5	0	0
Secondary	51	42.1	0	0
High school	38	31.4	49	34.3
Undergraduate studies	3	2.5	45	31.5
Post graduate (MA/PhD)	9	7.4	48	33.6
Paternal education
No education	8	6.6	0	0	χ² (5, N = 264) = 126.74, p < .001
Primary	12	9.9	0	0
Secondary	44	36.4	3	2.1
High school	55	45.5	63	44.1
Undergraduate studies	2	1.7	38	26.6
Post graduate (MA/PhD)	8	6.6	39	27.3

Table 2. Correlations among study variables per ethnic group.

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1	School engagement	–	342**	441**	422*	422*	329**	163	−.002	193*
2	Life satisfaction	.284**	–	.522**	577**	568**	399**	.179*	−.026	028
3	Family connectedness	.119	.377**	–	.519*	.571**	512*	145	024	097
4	School connectedness	.604**	.403**	.282**	–	720**	629**	264**	.011	048
5	Peer connectedness	−.022	.245**	.069	.046	–	630**	315**	.051	.161
6	Community connectedness	.092	.161	.297**	.246**	.120	–	330**	105	081
7	Parental education	.011	−.086	.018	−.036	.017	−.003	–	.140	122
8	Gender	−.047	−.062	−.007	.014	−.036	.058	.055	–	−.038
9	Age	−.019	.091	.057	−.137	.196*	−.048	−.047	.058	–

Note. Italicized correlations are those for Roma adolescents.

* p <. 05; ** p < .01.

Figure 2. Path model of connectedness, life satisfaction and school engagement across ethnic groups.

Note. The coefficient in brackets presents the loadings of Roma youth. ⁺Statistically insignificant coefficient.

Table 3. Fit statistics for the multigroup model on the relationship between connectedness, life satisfaction and school engagement.

Model	χ²	df	∆χ² (df)	χ² / df	RMSEA	TLI	CFI	∆CFI	AIC
Configural model	26.589	24	–	1.108	.020	.990	.994	–	90.589
Measurement weight model	48.087	28	21.48 (4)	1.717	.052	.932	.955	.039	104.087
Structural weights models	69.225	31	21.13 (3)	2.233	.069	.883	.914	.041	119.225
Structural covariance	73.387	32	4.16 (1)	2.293	.070	.877	.907	.007	121.387

Note. Selected model is in italics.