Stimulation of crop productivity, photosynthesis and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. by triacontanol and gibberellic acid application

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of foliar sprays of different concentrations of TRIA and GA₃ on growth attributes of Artemisia annua L. Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p≤0.05). The data shown are means of five replicates±SE.

Treatments	Shoot length (cm)	Root length (cm)	Fresh weight/plant (g)	Dry weight/plant (g)
Control	149.9±1.12^d	45.6±0.50^d	525.5±8.55^d	164.8±3.64^c
T1	157.5±0.92^c	47.4±0.50^c	554.4±8.28^c	172.3±4.04^bc
T2	167.9±1.21^b	49.0±0.40^b	581.5±9.21^b	179.3±3.98^b
T3	194.7±1.36^a	55.5±0.64^a	643.6±7.82^a	196.7±3.23^a
T4	158.4±1.24^c	47.7±0.69^c	582.4±6.73^b	174.4±4.01^bc

Figure 1.  Effect of foliar application of different concentrations of TRIA and GA₃ on photosynthetic rate (a), stomatal conductance (b) and internal CO₂ (c) of Artemisia annua L. Bars showing the same letter are not significantly different at p≤0.05 as determined by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Error bars (⊺) show SE.

Figure 2.  Effect of foliar application of different concentrations of TRIA and GA₃ on chlorophyll content (a) and carotenoid content (b), nitrate reductase activity (c) and carbonic anhydrase activity (D) of Artemisia annua L. Bars showing the same letter are not significantly different at p≤0.05 as determined by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Error bars (⊺) show SE.

Figure 3.  Effect of foliar application of different concentrations of TRIA and GA₃ on leaf nitrogen (a), phosphorus (b) and potassium (c) contents of Artemisia annua L. Bars showing the same letter are not significantly different at p≤0.05 as determined by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Error bars (⊺) show SE.

Figure 4.  Effect of foliar application of different concentrations of TRIA and GA₃ essential oil content (a), artemisinin content (b), leaf yield (c) and artemisinin yield (d) of Artemisia annua L. Bars showing the same letter are not significantly different at p≤0.05 as determined by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Error bars (⊺) show SE.

Figure 5.  The biosynthetic pathway of gibberellins and artemisinin (dashed arrow means more than one step) (Laule et al. 2003; Akhila 2007). DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate; GGPP, geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate; GPP, geranyl pyrophosphate; HMBPP, 1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate; IPP, Iso pentenyl pyrophosphate; MEP, Methyl-D-erythrytol 4-phosphate; MVA, Mevalonic acid.

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