Identification of Caragana plant volatiles, overlapping profiles, and olfactory attraction to Chlorophorus caragana in the laboratory

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution details of five Caragana species from Lingwu City.

Species	Abbreviation	Location	Northern latitude	East longitude	Elevation height (m)	Date of plant collection	Net plant weight (g)
C. microphylla	C. mic	Yanzhi Mountain	38°05′37.49″	106°23′04.04″	1186	20 July 2013	141.7
C. davazamcii	C. dav	Yanzhi Mountain	38°05′32.09″	106°23′16.72″	1194	22 July 2013	172.4
C. korshinskii	C. kor	Yongli	37°56′48.08″	106°39′14.38″	1423	24 July 2013	199.8
C. brachypoda	C. bra	Huimin Xiang	38°06′54.5″	106°39′48.30″	1323	26 July 2013	46.8
C. ordosica	C. ord	Yongli	37°54′48.5″	106°39′35.00″	1467	25 July 2013	41.6

Table 2. Investigation of damage on five species of Caragana in the field.

Plant name	Investigated plants	Average larvae plant rate (%)	Average population density of insects/plant
C. microphylla	602	11.00 ± 2.00	0.13 ± 0.08
C. davazamcii	417	74.00 ± 13.00	1.16 ± 0.84
C. ordosica	180	0	0
C. brachypoda	180	0	0
C. korshinskii	180	0	0

Figure 1. Olfaction selection preference of Ch. caragana to five Caragana species odors. P-values are based on chi-square test: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns, P ≥ 0.05. Different lowercase letters on the left side of the bar indicate significant differences (one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's multiple comparison test, P < 0.05). C. ord = C. ordosica, C. bra = C. brachypoda, C. kor = C. korshinskii, C. dav = C. davazamcii, C. mic = C. microphylla.

Table 3. Relative TIC-peak areas of VOCs collected in the headspace of the twigs and leaves from species of Caragana plants.

				Composition (%)
Compound class and name	S^a	CAS^b	KI^c	C. mic^d	C. dav^d	C. kor^d	C. bra^d	C. ord^d	F
Methyl butyrate^s	DR	623-42-7	724	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.23 ± 0.06b	82.63*
1,3-pentadiene^s	TCI	504-60-9	729	10.81 ± 3.24a	22.29 ± 3.46b	20.6 ± 3.81b	0c	0c	93.57*
1-octene^s	DR	111-66-0	792	0.16 ± 0.04a	1.68 ± 0.14b	1.05 ± 0.14c	9.56 ± 0.77d	0.91 ± 0.07c	715.87*
Octane^s	DR	111-65-9	800	0.22 ± 0.03a	2.08 ± 0.4c	2.33 ± 0.15c	4.92 ± 0.24d	1.17 ± 0.12b	372.59*
(Z)-3-hexenol^s	DR	928-96-1	857	0.95 ± 0.2a	0.42 ± 0.05b	0c	3.05 ± 0.16d	2.02 ± 0.12e	585.25*
2-methyloctane	–	3221-61-2	861	0a	0a	0a	1.43 ± 0.48b	0a	53.32*
1-hexanol	–	111-27-3	867	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.2 ± 0.01b	2923.78*
Nonene^s	CNW	124-11-8	891	0.5 ± 0.07ab	1.13 ± 0.33b	0a	10.35 ± 0.89c	0.73 ± 0.04b	639.99*
Nonane^s	DR	111-84-2	899	0.34 ± 0.11a	0.82 ± 0.15ab	1.09 ± 0.4b	2.19 ± 0.65c	0.37 ± 0.03a	27.71*
Heptaldehyde^s	CNW	111-71-7	900	0.3 ± 0.04ab	0.16 ± 0.04a	0.4 ± 0.07b	1.53 ± 0.23d	0.73 ± 0.04c	144.45*
Pentyl acetate	–	628-63-7	915	0.03 ± 0.01ab	0a	0a	0.81 ± 0.1c	0.08 ± 0.01b	332.46*
3-methyl-2-butenyl acetate	–	1191-16-8	918	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.07 ± 0b	2417.66*
4-penten-1-yl acetate	–	1576-85-8	919	0.04 ± 0.01a	0b	0b	0b	0b	131.37*
α-thujene	–	2867-5-2	923	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.45 ± 0.06b	300.61*
α-pinene^s	SA	80-56-8	933	0a	0.37 ± 0.04a	0a	5.51 ± 1.28b	4.76 ± 0.59b	115.33*
Camphene	–	79-92-5	952	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.12 ± 0.04b	52.32*
Benzaldehyde^s	DR	100-52-7	961	0.1 ± 0.04a	0.14 ± 0.01a	0.17 ± 0.02a	2.22 ± 0.49b	0a	110.98*
1-heptanol^s	CNW	111-70-6	969	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.54 ± 0.09b	213.07*
β-pinene^s	DR	127-91-3	980	0.42 ± 0.03a	5.61 ± 1.33b	0a	0a	0.9 ± 0.2a	94.32*
Sulcatone	–	110-93-0	985	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.48 ± 0.02b	3695.02*
1-decene^s	CNW	872-05-9	991	0a	0.51 ± 0.1b	0.85 ± 0.17c	0a	0a	121.74*
Decane^s	DR	124-18-5	999	0.14 ± 0.04a	0.23 ± 0.06a	0.68 ± 0.17b	0c	0c	68.14*
Octanal^s	DR	124-13-0	1001	0a	0.51 ± 0.1ab	0.65 ± 0.06b	5.3 ± 0.74c	0a	271.14*
(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate^s	DR	3681-71-8	1007	15.32 ± 0.96a	0.74 ± 0.1b	5.05 ± 0.55c	27.45 ± 1.39d	0b	1288.23*
Hexyl acetate	–	142-92-7	1008	0a	0a	0a	2.87 ± 0.27b	1.12 ± 0.34c	249.66*
1,3-dichlorobenzene	–	541-73-1	1021	0a	0a	0.67 ± 0.08b	0a	0a	420.53*
1-hexanol,2-ethyl-^s	DR	104-76-7	1027	0a	0a	0a	0a	1.13 ± 0.04b	5745.83*
Limonene^s	CNW	138-86-3	1031	0.37 ± 0.07a	20.66 ± 1.24b	0.61 ± 0.18a	0a	0a	1601.01*
(Z)-β-ocimene^s	BOC	3338-55-4	1040	34.42 ± 2.78a	24.88 ± 4.44b	35.13 ± 3.32a	1.53 ± 0.19c	6.6 ± 1.02b	185.8*
(E)-β-ocimene	–	3779-61-1	1050	0a	0a	0a	0a	2.93 ± 0.38b	350.19*
Acetophenone	–	98-86-2	1065	0a	0a	0a	0.96 ± 0.09b	0a	726.55*
1-octanol	–	111-87-5	1072	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.31 ± 0.01b	10,770.33*
Nonanal^s	CNW	124-19-6	1098	0.97 ± 0.2a	1.96 ± 0.06b	1.98 ± 0.11b	0c	7.24 ± 0.9d	271.83*
Perillene^s	SBB	539-52-6	1099	0a	0a	0a	6.05 ± 0.35b	40.46 ± 2.58c	1376.99*
Undecane	–	1120-21-4	1100	0a	0.3 ± 0.07b	0.96 ± 0.16c	0a	0a	177.15*
Chrysanthenone^s	CG	473-06-3	1123	17.27 ± 2.39a	2.47 ± 0.6b	4.49 ± 0.82c	0d	0d	230.04*
Isophorone^s	DR	78-59-1	1135	0.21 ± 0.03a	0.11 ± 0.03a	0.51 ± 0.08a	2.36 ± 0.65b	0.15 ± 0.02a	64.37*
(E,E)-alloocimene^s	CNW	673-84-7	1142	0.47 ± 0.08a	0.57 ± 0.07a	0.42 ± 0.06a	0b	2.55 ± 0.51c	109.49*
(E)-2-Nonenal	–	18829-56-6	1155	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.19 ± 0.06b	64.73*
(Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate	–	16491-36-4	1185	0.11 ± 0.01a	0b	0b	0b	0b	730.66*
Methyl salicylate	–	119-36-8	1190	0.16 ± 0.03a	0b	0b	0b	0b	227.71*
1-Dodecene^s	CNW	112-41-4	1192	0.14 ± 0.02a	0.61 ± 0.2a	2.31 ± 0.68b	1.39 ± 0.29c	0.3 ± 0.05a	41*
Dodecane^s	DR	112-40-3	1199	0.25 ± 0.05a	1.24 ± 0.17bc	1.54 ± 0.26c	1.09 ± 0.25b	0.12 ± 0.04a	71.61*
Decanal^s	CNW	112-31-2	1204	0.34 ± 0.08a	1.24 ± 0.32b	1.18 ± 0.34b	5.75 ± 0.29d	2.83 ± 0.78c	150.99*
1-Tridecene^s	CNW	2437-56-1	1291	0a	1.23 ± 0.34b	2.15 ± 0.02c	3.65 ± 0.92d	0.97 ± 0.23b	56.29*
Tridecane^s	DR	629-50-5	1299	0.87 ± 0.11a	1.74 ± 0.22b	2.42 ± 0.15c	0d	0.6 ± 0.17e	244.06*
8-methyl-1-Decene	–	61142-79-8	1347	0a	0.11 ± 0.05b	0a	0a	0a	31.78*
Octadecanal	–	638-66-4	1357	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.32 ± 0.08b	89.54*
2-Undecenal	–	2463-77-6	1365	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.4 ± 0.11b	81.04*
β-elemene^s	SI	515-13-9	1375	7.27 ± 2.39a	0.62 ± 0.27b	0b	0b	0b	52.75*
α-Copaene	–	3856-25-5	1376	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.35 ± 0.12b	50.73*
β-bourbonene	–	5208-59-3	1380	0a	0.22 ± 0.09b	0a	0a	0.14 ± 0.07b	24.64*
1-Tetradecene	–	1120-36-1	1391	0a	0.65 ± 0.23b	0a	0a	0a	48.57*
Tetradecane^s	DR	629-59-4	1399	1.01 ± 0.1a	1.81 ± 0.3b	3.44 ± 0.23c	0d	0.74 ± 0.19a	271.42*
Longifolene	–	475-20-7	1402	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.16 ± 0.06b	44.59*
Dodecanal	–	112-54-9	1407	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.22 ± 0.08b	40.02*
β-Caryophyllene	–	87-44-5	1418	0.84 ± 0.1a	0b	0b	0b	0.41 ± 0.07c	291.95*
Dihydro-β-ionone	–	17283-81-7	1433	0a	0a	0.14 ± 0.05b	0a	0a	47*
α-Bergamotene	–	17699-05-7	1434	0.83 ± 0.14a	0b	0b	0b	0b	211.2*
Geranyl acetone	–	3796-70-1	1448	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.21 ± 0.06b	62.99*
Alloaromadendrene	–	25246-27-9	1461	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.36 ± 0.13b	45.08*
β-Cadinene	–	523-47-7	1472	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.61 ± 0.16b	87.86*
Pentadecane^s	CNW	629-62-9	1500	3.62 ± 0.49c	1.94 ± 0.42b	4.89 ± 0.41cd	0a	5.9 ± 1.54d	56.23*
1-Hexadecene	–	629-73-2	1593	0.21 ± 0.03a	0.18 ± 0.05a	0.62 ± 0.1b	0c	0.25 ± 0.06a	83.7*
Hexadecane^s	DR	544-76-3	1600	0.47 ± 0.08a	0.55 ± 0.23a	1.73 ± 0.33b	0c	0.66 ± 0.11a	66.72*
Tetradecanal	–	124-25-4	1611	0.16 ± 0.03a	0.09 ± 0.02b	0.08 ± 0.03b	0c	0c	69.21*
Isopropyl myristate	–	110-27-0	1814	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.1 ± 0.02b	133.02*
Phytone	–	502-69-2	1845	0a	0a	0a	0a	0.29 ± 0.06b	158.88*
Disobutyl phthalate	–	84-69-5	1870	0.13 ± 0.02a	0.13 ± 0.04a	0.97 ± 0.4b	0a	0a	31.42*
Dibutyl phthalate^s	DR	84-74-2	1922	0.18 ± 0.03a	0a	0a	0a	7.24 ± 1.2b	215.13*
Aldehyde compounds	–			1.87 ± 0.17a	4.09 ± 0.45b	4.45 ± 0.43b	14.81 ± 1.2d	11.93 ± 1.2c	180.4*
Terpene compounds	–			55.43 ± 1.78b	75.22 ± 1.89d	56.79 ± 0.82b	13.1 ± 1.66a	60.81 ± 1.66c	677.48*
Ketone compounds	–			17.49 ± 2.37d	2.58 ± 0.62ab	5.14 ± 0.78c	3.32 ± 0.57bc	1.13 ± 0.57a	189.02*
Ester compounds	–			15.97 ± 0.97a	0.87 ± 0.09b	6.01 ± 0.79c	31.13 ± 1.45d	8.84 ± 1.45e	730.31*
Alkane compounds	–			6.92 ± 0.4a	10.72 ± 1.15b	19.08 ± 0.82c	9.63 ± 0.9b	9.57 ± 0.9b	99.58*
Olefin compounds	–			1.01 ± 0.11a	6.1 ± 0.98c	6.97 ± 0.75c	24.95 ± 1.75d	3.15 ± 1.75b	579.81*
Alcohol compounds	–			0.95 ± 0.2c	0.42 ± 0.05b	0 ± 0a	3.05 ± 0.16d	4.19 ± 0.16e	947.37*
Aromatic compound	–			0 ± 0a	0 ± 0a	0.67 ± 0.08b	0 ± 0a	0 ± 0a	420.53*
Total identified	–			99.6	100	100	99.1	99.6

^a S: corresponding components were verified using a standard sample. The standards were obtained from Dr Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany (DR), Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Tokyo, Japan (TCI), CNW technologies GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany (CNW), Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA (SA), BOC Sciences, New York, USA (BOC), Shanghai BeiZhuo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Shanghai, China (SBB), CHEMOS GmbH, Czech Republic, Germany (CG), Skyrun Industrial Co.Limited, CSR Ind, China (SI). ‘–’ was noted as a standard not obtained.

^b CAS: Registry Number in Chemical Abstracts Service.

^c KI: Kovats index determined on the intermediately polar DB-5 column (http://www.pherobase.com/).

^d C. mic = C. microphylla, C. dav = C. davazamcii, C. kor = C. korshinskii, C. bra = C. brachypoda, C. ord = C. ordosica.

Different lowercase letters on the same line indicate significant differences (one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's multiple comparison teat, P < 0.05). *denotes a statistically significant difference below 0.05.

Figure 2. PCA score plot of five species of Caragana plant headspace VOCs. Green circles represented five species of Caragana. Black circles represented classification of five species of Caragana. Red triangles represented 16 different compounds, based on PCA of the component matrix. C. ord = C. ordosica, C. bra = C. brachypoda, C. kor = C. korshinskii, C. dav = C. davazamcii, C. mic = C. microphylla.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of five species of Caragana plant VOCs based on Euclidean distance. Analyzed compounds were represented in the subgroups. The abbreviated species names are shown in Table 1. C. mic = C. microphylla, C. kor = C. korshinskii, C. dav = C. davazamcii, C. bra = C. brachypoda, C. ord = C. ordosica.